Background

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease that has reached the proportions of a global epidemic in recent years. It is one of the key risk factors for the development of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Semaglutide, a member of the GLP-1 receptor agonist class, plays a crucial role in modern therapeutic approaches to treating both obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to present the current therapeutic potential of semaglutide, its effectiveness in weight reduction, and its potential adverse effects, including the risk associated with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).

Material and methods

A review of current literature from recent years on the use of semaglutide in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes was conducted. The latest meta-analyses, review papers, and clinical trials were analyzed using the PubMed database.

Results

Semaglutide effectively lowers HbA1c levels and supports weight loss in both patients with type 2 diabetes and those with obesity without diabetes. Additionally, it demonstrates beneficial effects in reducing cardiovascular risk. Its use is associated with adverse effects, most commonly gastrointestinal symptoms, and a potential increase in the risk of NAION.

Conclusions

Semaglutide is effective in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes; however, further research is required to evaluate its safety, particularly regarding ocular complications.