Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
eISSN: 2449-8580
ISSN: 1734-3402
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
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2/2025
vol. 27
 
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abstract:
Original paper

Semaglutide in modern medicine: therapeutic opportunities in obesity and the emerging challenge of NAION – a narrative review

Kamil Biedka
1
,
Michał Wesołowski
1
,
Oliwia Ziobro
1
,
Katarzyna Błaszczyk
1
,
Jakub Bulski
2
,
Aleksandra Ewa Sobaś
2
,
Filip Jacek Maj
2
,
Anna Maria Klasa
3
,
Karol Bartłomiej Sornat
2
,
Agata Estreicher
1
,
Emilia Majewska
4

  1. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Division of Pathophysiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  2. Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
  3. University Hospital in Cracow, Cracow, Poland
  4. Department of Internal Medicine, Specialist Hospital in Radom, Radom, Poland
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 2025; 27(2): 215–221
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2025.150180
Online publish date: 2025/06/27
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Background
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease that has reached the proportions of a global epidemic in recent years. It is one of the key risk factors for the development of chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Semaglutide, a member of the GLP-1 receptor agonist class, plays a crucial role in modern therapeutic approaches to treating both obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Objectives
The aim of this study is to present the current therapeutic potential of semaglutide, its effectiveness in weight reduction, and its potential adverse effects, including the risk associated with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).

Material and methods
A review of current literature from recent years on the use of semaglutide in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes was conducted. The latest meta-analyses, review papers, and clinical trials were analyzed using the PubMed database.

Results
Semaglutide effectively lowers HbA1c levels and supports weight loss in both patients with type 2 diabetes and those with obesity without diabetes. Additionally, it demonstrates beneficial effects in reducing cardiovascular risk. Its use is associated with adverse effects, most commonly gastrointestinal symptoms, and a potential increase in the risk of NAION.

Conclusions
Semaglutide is effective in treating obesity and type 2 diabetes; however, further research is required to evaluate its safety, particularly regarding ocular complications.

keywords:

obesity, type 2 diabetes, semaglutide, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists

  
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