Brain tumor magnetic resonance images classification based machine learning paradigms

Introduction
Cancer of the nervous system is one of the most common types of cancer in the world and mostly due to presence of a tumour in the brain. The symptoms and severity of the brain tumour depend on its location. The tumour within the brain may develop from nerves, dura (meningioma), pituitary gland (pituitary adenoma), or from the brain tissue itself (glioma).

Material and methods
In this study we proposed a feature engineering approach for classification magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 3 kinds of most common brain tumour, i.e. glioma, meningioma, pituitary, and no-tumour. Here 5 machine learning classifiers were used, i.e. support vector machine, K-nearest neighbour (KNN), Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, and Ensemble classifier with their paradigms.

Results
The handcrafted features such as histogram of oriented gradients, local binary pattern features, and grey level co-occurrence matrix are extracted from the MRI, and the feature fusion technique is adopted to enhance the dimension of feature vector. The Fine KNN outperforms among the classifiers for recognition of 4 kinds of MRI: glioma, meningioma, pituitary, and no tumour, and achieved 91.1% accuracy and 0.95 area under the curve (AUC).

Conclusions
The proposed method, i.e. Fine KNN, achieved 91.1% accuracy and 0.96 AUC. Furthermore, this model has the possibility to integrate in low-end devices unlike deep learning, which required a complex system.