Biology of Sport
eISSN: 2083-1862
ISSN: 0860-021X
Biology of Sport
Current Issue Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Archive Ethical standards and procedures Contact Instructions for authors Journal's Reviewers Special Information
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
Share:
Share:
Original paper

Comparing full-body flywheel eccentric protocols: cluster set vs. traditional training on muscle damage, arterial stiffness, jump performance, grip strength, cognitive, and perceptual responses

Ming-Chia Weng
1
,
Chih-Yuan Fang
2, 3
,
Hsi-Hsun Su
3
,
Eisuke Ochi
4
,
Maximillian J. Nelson
5
,
Hunter Bennett
5
,
Thomas P. Wycherley
5
,
Xiang Dai
2
,
Che-Hsiu Chen
2

  1. Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
  2. Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
  3. Department of Rehabilitation, Feng Yuan Hospital of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
  4. Graduate School of Sports & Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
  5. Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition, and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Australia
Biol Sport. 2026;43:1149–1160
Online publish date: 2026/04/13
Article file
- 84_05134_Article.pdf  [0.64 MB]
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Maroto-Izquierdo S, Garcia-Lopez D, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, et al. Skeletal muscle functional and structural adaptations after eccentric overload flywheel resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2017 Oct; 20(10):943–951.
2. Shimizu T, Tsuchiya Y, Ueda H, et al. Effects of single and repeated bouts of flywheel exercise on jump performance and muscle damage in athletes and non athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2024 Jan 2; 16(1):9.
3. Dufner TJ, Iacono AD, Wheeler JR, et al. The reliability of functional and systemic markers of muscle damage in response to a flywheel squat protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2025 Apr; 125(4):1001–1021.
4. Raeder C, Wiewelhove T, Westphal-Martinez MP, et al. Neuromuscular fatigue and physiological responses after five dynamic squat exercise protocols. J Strength Cond Res. 2016 Apr; 30(4):953–65.
5. Tufano JJ, Brown LE, Haff GG. Theoretical and practical aspects of different cluster set structures: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Mar; 31(3):848–867.
6. Oliver JM, Kreutzer A, Jenke S, et al. Acute response to cluster sets in trained and untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015 Nov; 115(11):2383–93.
7. Api G, Legnani R, Foschiera DB, et al. Influence of cluster sets on mechanical and perceptual variables in adolescent athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 5; 20(4).
8. Ryan S, Browne D, Ramirez-Campillo R, et al. The acute effect of different cluster set intra-set rest interval configurations on mechanical power measures during a flywheel resistance training session. Sports (Basel). 2024 Nov 27; 12(12).
9. Huang M, Chen T, Singh F, et al. Acute effects of eccentric versus concentric exercise on executive function and attention of older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2024 Dec 1; 49(12):1701–1711.
10. Alves CR, Gualano B, Takao PP, et al. Effects of acute physical exercise on executive functions: a comparison between aerobic and strength exercise. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2012 Aug; 34(4):539–49.
11. Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, et al. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Res. 2012 May 9; 1453:87–101.
12. Borot L, Pageaux B, Laroche D, et al. Eccentric cycling involves greater mental demand and cortical activation of the frontoparietal network. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024 Jan; 34(1):e14517.
13. Wang SY, Chiu CH, Hsu CH, et al. Acute effects of wearing different surgical face masks during high-intensity, short-rest resistance exercise on cardiorespiratory and pulmonary function and perceptual responses in weightlifters. Biology (Basel). 2022 Jun 29; 11(7).
14. Banks NF, Rogers EM, Berry AC, et al. Progressive iso-inertial resistance exercise promotes more favorable cardiovascular adaptations than traditional resistance exercise in young adults. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2024 Jan 1; 326(1):H32–H43.
15. Zubac D, Obad A, Ivančev V, et al. Acute flywheel exercise does not impair the brachial artery vasodilation in healthy men of varying aerobic fitness. Blood Press Monit. 2021 Jun 1; 26(3):215–223.
16. Kong PW, Chua YH, Kawabata M, et al. Effect of post-exercise massage on passive muscle stiffness measured using myotonometry – A double-blind study. J Sports Sci Med. 2018 Dec; 17(4):599–606.
17. Ruf L, Altmann S, Muller K, et al. Concurrent validity of countermovement and squat jump height assessed with a contact mat and force platform in professional soccer players. Front Sports Act Living. 2024; 6:1437230.
18. Meaney E, Alva F, Moguel R, et al. Formula and nomogram for the sphygmomanometric calculation of the mean arterial pressure. Heart. 2000 Jul; 84(1):64.
19. Jagim AR, Jones MT, Wright GA, et al. The acute effects of multi-ingredient pre-workout ingestion on strength performance, lower body power, and anaerobic capacity. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016; 13:11.
20. McIlvain G, Magoon EM, Clements RG, et al. Acute effects of high-intensity exercise on brain mechanical properties and cognitive function. Brain Imaging Behav. 2024 Aug; 18(4):863–874.
21. Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013 Nov 26; 4:863.
22. Nunez FJ, Suarez-Arrones LJ, Cater P, et al. The high-pull exercise: A comparison between a versapulley flywheel device and the free weight. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017 Apr; 12(4):527–532.
23. Sabido R, Hernández-Davó JL, Capdepon L, et al. How are mechanical, physiological, and perceptual variables affected by the rest interval between sets during a flywheel resistance session? Front Physiol. 2020; 11:663.
24. Brien J, Browne D, Earls D, et al. An investigation into the optimal number of repetitions needed to maintain power output in the flywheel romanian deadlift exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2023 Aug; 2(4):29–33.
25. Dankel SJ, Razzano BM. The impact of acute and chronic resistance exercise on muscle stiffness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ultrasound. 2020 Dec; 23(4):473–480.
26. Pieters D, Wezenbeek E, De Ridder R, et al. Acute effects of warming up on achilles tendon blood flow and stiffness. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Oct 1; 36(10):2717–2724.
27. Syha R, Springer F, Grözinger G, et al. Short-term exercise-induced changes in hydration state of healthy Achilles tendons can be visualized by effects of off-resonant radiofrequency saturation in a three-dimensional ultrashort echo time MRI sequence applied at 3 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014 Dec; 40(6):1400–7.
28. Heinemeier KM, Kjaer M. In vivo investigation of tendon responses to mechanical loading. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2011 Jun; 11(2):115–23.
29. Kjaer M, Langberg H, Heinemeier K, et al. From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009 Aug; 19(4):500–10.
30. Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sanchez-Valdepenas J, et al. Acute mechanical, neuromuscular, and metabolic responses to different set configurations in resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2022 Nov 1; 36(11):2983–2991.
31. Brito Ade F, de Oliveira CV, Santos Mdo S, et al. High-intensity exercise promotes postexercise hypotension greater than moderate intensity in elderly hypertensive individuals. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2014 Mar; 34(2):126–32.
32. Barnes JN, Trombold JR, Dhindsa M, et al. Arterial stiffening following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Oct; 109(4):1102–8.
33. Dawson EA, Green DJ, Cable NT, et al. Effects of acute exercise on flow-mediated dilatation in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2013 Dec; 115(11):1589–98.
34. Zubac D, Ivancev V, Valic Z, et al. A randomized crossover trial on the acute cardiovascular demands during flywheel exercise. Front Physiol. 2021; 12:665462.
35. Rezk CC, Marrache RC, Tinucci T, et al. Post-resistance exercise hypotension, hemodynamics, and heart rate variability: influence of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006 Sep; 98(1):105–12.
36. Anders JPV, Kraemer WJ, Newton RU, et al. Acute effects of high-intensity resistance exercise on cognitive function. J Sports Sci Med. 2021 Sep; 20(3):391–397.
37. Chang H, Kim K, Jung YJ, et al. Effects of acute high-Intensity resistance exercise on cognitive function and oxygenation in prefrontal cortex. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem. 2017 Jun 30; 21(2):1–8.
38. Chou CC, Hsueh MC, Chiu YH, et al. Sustained effects of acute resistance exercise on executive function in healthy middle-aged adults. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021; 15:684848.
39. Barella LA, Etnier JL, Chang YK. The immediate and delayed effects of an acute bout of exercise on cognitive performance of healthy older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2010 Jan; 18(1):87–98.
40. Brush CJ, Olson RL, Ehmann PJ, et al. Dose-response and time course effects of acute resistance exercise on executive function. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2016 Aug; 38(4):396–408.
Copyright: Institute of Sport. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
 
Quick links
© 2026 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Termedia.