Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in association with invasion of breast cancer

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer amongst women worldwide, including Thailand, and is responsible for a high number of fatalities on a yearly basis [1]. Early diagnosis of breast cancer can provide patients with a wider range of therapeutic options as well as a higher success rate of therapy with lower mortality rate, which is the key to higher survival rates [2]. Clinical parameters such as the size of the tumour, the histological grade, and regional lymph node involvement are generally used for predicting the prognosis of breast cancer. Previous studies have also reported that Oestrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) and Her-2/neu are useful markers for breast cancer diagnosis [3, 4].
Epithelial basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) are composed of a tough network of fibrillar ECM proteins. Tumour invasion and metastasis involve the degradation of these components of the ECM and require the actions of proteolytic enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [5, 6]. Human collagenase-3 (MMP-13) was one such MMP first identified in human breast carcinomas [7]. MMP-13 is synthesised as a latent pro-enzyme and undergoes activation by cleavage of the N-terminal peptide [8]. Expression of MMP-13 has been detected in various types of cancers, such as papillary thyroid carcinoma [9] and colorectal cancer [10], as well as breast cancer [11, 12]. Recent studies have further suggested that MMP-13 may play a central role in the extracellular MMP activation cascade, resulting in degradation of the ECM network [13, 14].
The goal of this study is to evaluate the expression and prognostic value of MMP-13 and its tissue distribution pattern in human breast cancer and normal (non-cancerous) tissues. The increase of MMP-13 expression in breast cancer might independently be a predictor of poor prognosis of the cancer.

Material and methods

Human subjects and tissue specimens

Invasive ductal breast cancer tissues diagnosed and surgically treated between January 2009 and December 2012 at the Department of Pathology, Hatyai Hospital, Songkhla Province, Thailand were collected. Normal breast tissues diagnosed by a pathologist were obtained from the same department. Patients had not received prior radiotherapy or neoadjuvant therapies before the recruitment of the tissues. The available information of individual patients included age at diagnosis, type of tissue, grade of tumour, and regional lymph node status. Grading standard was then used to assign scores of histological grades of breast cancer to the samples collected. Grade I refers to well-differentiated tumours, grade II refers to moderately differentiated tumours, and grade III refers to poorly differentiated tumours. This study included a total of 76 cases of invasive ductal breast cancer and 20 normal breast tissues.
This study was performed under a protocol approved by the Ethics Committee of Hatyai Hospital and the Ethical Clearance Committee on Human Rights Related to Research Involving Human Subjects of Walailak University. This research was performed at Walailak University and was conducted for two years: from August 2013 to July 2014.

Immunohistochemistry

Briefly, consecutive 5-µm-thick sections were cut from the recipient blocks and placed on a poly-L-lysine-coated slide for immunochemistry (IHC) analysis. IHC was performed using the method described previously [15]. The MMP-13 specific antibodies, with dilution factor of 1 : 200 (Abcam, USA), were diluted using blocking buffer (PBS with normal serum). Blocking buffer was used in place of the primary antibodies in all negative controls of IHC.

Semi-quantitative measurement of immunostaining

Immunohistochemistry was scored independently using a semi-quantitative scoring system, described below. Discordant scores were re-evaluated by the investigators and the consensus scores were used for further analyses. Both the intensity and the percentage of positive cells from IHC were assessed [15]. The intensity of the immunostaining was classified into four groups: no brown particle staining (0), light brown particle (1), moderate brown particle (2), and dark brown particle staining in cytoplasm (3). The percentage of positive cells, like the extent of immunostaining, was quantified under a microscope and then classified into four groups: < 25% positive cells (1), 25% to 50% positive cells (2), 51% to 75% positive cells (3), and > 75% positive cells (4). The staining index (SI), the product of the intensity, and the percentage of positive staining were used to define high (SI ≥ 6) or low (SI < 6) expressions of MMP-13.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package 11.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The correlations between MMP-13 expression and clinicopathological variables were analysed using the Pearson Chi-square test. All of the statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

This study included a total of 76 cases of invasive ductal breast cancer and 20 normal breast tissues. From the tumour cases, 17 cases (22.4%) were Grade I tumours, 55 (72.4%) cases were Grade II tumours, and 4 cases (5.3%) were Grade III tumours. A total of 44 cases (57.9%) were lymph node-positive, while 32 cases (42.1%) were lymph node-negative (Table 1).
To examine the expression of MMP-13 at a cellular level, immunohistochemistry was performed to analyse the presence of MMP-13 via the immunoreactivity of MMP-13 to MMP-13 specific antibodies. The intracellular staining allowed for the detection of MMP-13 localised to the cytoplasm of tumour cells (Fig. 1). The proportion of immunopositive tumour cells in each group is shown in Fig. 2, whereas the intensity of immunostaining for tumours is shown in Fig. 3.
To test the potential value of MMP-13 as a breast cancer biomarker, Pearson Chi-square analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation of MMP-13 expression with clinical and histopathological features (age at diagnosis, type of tissues, tumour grade, and lymph node status) that were further stratified (Table 2). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The tumour staining was semi-quantitatively scored by the SI scales and assigned into high and low categories. No correlation between age at diagnosis and expression of MMP-13 was found (p = 0.472, odds ratio = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.55–3.63). High levels of MMP-13 expression were correlated with the type of tissues examined (p = 0.034, odds ratio = 34.5, 95% CI: 4.37–271.9). High levels of MMP-13 expression were also correlated with lymph node status (p = 0.034, odds ratio = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.12–0.94). Among lymph node-positive cases and lymph node-negative cases, twenty cases (74%) and seven cases (26%) were SI index less than 6, respectively.

Discussion

Tumour invasion and metastasis are the main causes of breast cancer-related deaths. ECM modification and angiogenesis are essential processes in facilitating cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The results of this study showed that the MMP-13 protein expression level in breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal breast tissues, which suggested that MMP-13 expression could be upregulated in the tumorigenesis and progression of human breast cancer. MMP-13 staining was localised to the cytoplasm of tumour cells. This was consistent with studies of other tumours, including colorectal cancer [16] and papillary thyroid carcinoma, [9] which found that MMP-13 expression was primarily present in cytoplasm of tumour cells. Moreover, MMP-13 expression was detected in over 81% of tumour cases examined. This indicated that the MMP-13 was expressed predominantly in tumour cells and were only occasionally weakly expressed in normal cells. The frequency of MMP-13 expression in breast cancer was similar to the immunohistochemical studies of a previous study [11]. The increase in MMP-13 may represent MMP-13 upregulation, with high amounts of MMP-13 being required for the activation of other MMPs. Furthermore, it is rational that tumours have far higher amounts of MMP-13 activity because this molecule catalyses the breakdown of ECM required for its invasion and further metastasis. On the other hand, normal breast cells do not require MMP-13 mediated ECM breakdown.
Regional lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Prognosis worsens with the increase in the number of tumour-positive lymph nodes [17]. This study suggests that MMP-13 probably plays a role in promoting tumour invasion and metastasis or promotes the catalysis of ECM breakdown, both in patients with and without positive lymph node invasion. Since MMP-13 is a metalloproteinase, it may act in a similar manner as MMP-2 and MMP-9. Both MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been extensively studied as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in breast cancer [18, 19]. Regardless of the mechanism, these findings suggest a role for MMP-13 in breast cancer progression.
Conclusively, the results of this study show that MMP-13 is frequently present in breast cancer, especially in breast cancer patients with positive lymph node invasion, which might suggest its role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. Thus the prognostic value of abnormal MMP-13 expression in cancer tissues and the detailed mechanism of the up-regulation of MMP-13 expression in carcinogenesis could further be investigated to clarify its role in breast cancer. In addition, further study, with higher sample size and a method with higher validity, is needed to confirm the mechanism of MMP-13 expression.
The authors would like to thank the staff from the Department of Pathology, Hatyai Hospital, Songkhla, Thailand for their support and assistance, and for giving us the opportunity to do this project. This study was supported by funding from Walailak University (WU56315).

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Address for correspondence

Manas Kotepui
Medical Technology Program
School of Allied Health Sciences and Public Health
Walailak University
Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
tel. 66860390260
fax 6675672106
e-mail: manas.ko@wu.ac.th

Submitted: 2.12.2014
Accepted: 15.10.2015