Biology of Sport

Effect of inspiratory muscle training in different sports modalities: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Jorge Sánchez-Infante 1, 2
,
Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez 3, 2
,
María Ramírez-delaCruz 3
,
Pablo Abián 3, 4
,
Fernando Jiménez 3
,
Javier Abián-Vicén 3

  1. Toledo Physiotherapy Research Group (GIFTO), Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing of Toledo, Universidad de
    Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.

  2. Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain

  3. Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha,
    Toledo, Spain

  4. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Area of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health
    Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain

Biol Sport. 2027;44:171–199

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2027.165052
Data publikacji online: 2026/09/23
Article file
12_04567_Article.pdf
  1. Janssens L, Brumagne S, McConnell AK, et al. The assessment of inspiratory muscle fatigue in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Respir Med. 2013; 107(3):331–46. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed .2012.11.019.
  2. Fernández-Lázaro D, Gallego-Gallego D, Corchete LA, et al. Inspiratory Muscle Training Program Using the PowerBreath(®): Does It Have Ergogenic Potential for Respiratory and/or Athletic Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6703. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18136703.
  3. Katayama K, Itoh Y, Saito M, Koike T, Ishida K. Sympathetic vasomotor outflow and blood pressure increase during exercise with expiratory resistance. Physiol Rep. 2015; 3(5):e12421. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12421.
  4. Romer LM, Polkey MI. Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008; 104(3):879–88. doi: 10.1152 /japplphysiol.01157.2007.
  5. Harms CA, Babcock MA, McClaran SR, et al. Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997; 82(5):1573–83. doi: 10.1152 /jappl.1997.82.5.1573.
  6. Wells GD, Norris SR. Assessment of physiological capacities of elite athletes & respiratory limitations to exercise performance. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2009; 10(3):91–8. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv .2009.04.002.
  7. Ohya T, Yamanaka R, Hagiwara M, Oriishi M, Suzuki Y. The 400- and 800-m Track Running Induces Inspiratory Muscle Fatigue in Trained Female Middle-Distance Runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2016; 30(5):1433–7. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001220.
  8. Choukroun ML, Kays C, Gioux M, Techoueyres P, Guenard H. Respiratory muscle function in trained and untrained adolescents during short-term high intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993; 67(1):14–9. doi: 10.1007/bf00377697.
  9. Ker JA, Schultz CM. Respiratory muscle fatigue after an ultra-marathon measured as inspiratory task failure. Int J Sports Med. 1996; 17(7):493–6. doi: 10.1055 /s-2007-972884.
  10. Ross E, Middleton N, Shave R, George K, McConnell A. Changes in respiratory muscle and lung function following marathon running in man. J Sports Sci. 2008; 26(12):1295–301. doi: 10.1080/02640410802104904.
  11. Griffiths LA, McConnell AK. The influence of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training upon rowing performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007; 99(5):457–66. doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0367-6.
  12. HajGhanbari B, Yamabayashi C, Buna TR, et al. Effects of respiratory muscle training on performance in athletes: a systematic review with meta-analyses. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; 27(6):1643–63. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0b013e318269f73f.
  13. Chung Y, Huang TY, Liao YH, Kuo YC. 12-Week Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Respiratory Muscle Strength in Adult Patients with Stable Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3267. doi: 10.3390 /ijerph18063267.
  14. McNarry MA, Berg RMG, Shelley J, et al. Inspiratory muscle training enhances recovery post-COVID-19: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J. 2022; 60(4):2103101. doi: 10.1183 /13993003.03101-2021.
  15. Basakci Calik B, Gur Kabul E, Taskın H, et al. The efficiency of inspiratory muscle training in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2018; 38(9):1713–1720. doi: 10.1007 /s00296-018-4093-2.
  16. Jung JH, Kim NS. Relative activity of respiratory muscles during prescribed inspiratory muscle training in healthy people. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016; 28(3):1046–9. doi: 10.1589 /jpts.28.1046.
  17. Ferraro FV, Gavin JP, Wainwright T, McConnell A. The effects of 8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training on the balance of healthy older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. Physiol Rep. 2019; 7(9):e14076. doi: 10.14814 /phy2.14076.
  18. Tanriverdi A, Kahraman BO, Ozsoy I, Ozpelit E, Savci S. Acute effects of inspiratory muscle training at different intensities in healthy young people. Ir J Med Sci. 2021; 190(2):577–585. doi: 10.1007/s11845-020-02353-w.
  19. Mackała K, Kurzaj M, Okrzymowska P, Stodółka J, Coh M, Rożek-Piechura K. The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on the Pulmonary Function, Lung Ventilation, and Endurance Performance of Young Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 17(1):234. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010234.
  20. Faghy MA, Brown PI, Davis NM, Mayes JP, Maden-Wilkinson TM. A flow resistive inspiratory muscle training mask worn during highintensity interval training does not improve 5 km running time-trial performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021; 121(1):183–191. doi: 10 .1007/s00421-020-04505-3.
  21. Chang YC, Chang HY, Ho CC, et al. Effects of 4-Week Inspiratory Muscle Training on Sport Performance in College 800-Meter Track Runners. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57(1):72. doi: 10.3390/medicina57010072.
  22. Romer LM, McConnell AK. Specificity and reversibility of inspiratory muscle training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35(2):237–44. doi: 10.1249/01. Mss.0000048642.58419.1e.
  23. Cavalcante Silva RL, Hall E, Maior AS. Inspiratory muscle training improves performance of a repeated sprints ability test in professional soccer players. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2019; 23(3):452–455. doi: 10.1016 /j.jbmt.2019.01.016.
  24. Guy JH, Edwards AM, Deakin GB. Inspiratory muscle training improves exercise tolerance in recreational soccer players without concomitant gain in soccer-specific fitness. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(2):483–91 doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31829d24b0.
  25. . Verges S, Lenherr O, Haner AC, Schulz C, Spengler CM. Increased fatigue resistance of respiratory muscles during exercise after respiratory muscle endurance training. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007; 292(3):R1246–53. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00409.2006.
  26. Witt JD, Guenette JA, Rupert JL, McKenzie DC, Sheel AW. Inspiratory muscle training attenuates the human respiratory muscle metaboreflex. J Physiol. 2007; 584(Pt 3):1019–28. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.140855.
  27. Moreno AM, Toledo-Arruda AC, Lima JS, Duarte CS, Villacorta H, Nóbrega ACL. Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Intercostal and Forearm Muscle Oxygenation in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Evidence of the Origin of the Respiratory Metaboreflex. J Card Fail. 2017; 23(9):672–679. doi: 10.1016 /j.cardfail.2017.05.003.
  28. Volianitis S, McConnell AK, Koutedakis Y, McNaughton L, Backx K, Jones DA. Inspiratory muscle training improves rowing performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33(5):803–9. doi: 10 .1097/00005768-200105000-00020.
  29. Gething AD, Passfield L, Davies B. The effects of different inspiratory muscle training intensities on exercising heart rate and perceived exertion. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004; 92(1–2):50–5. doi: 10.1007/s00421-004-1044-2.
  30. Sales AT, Fregonezi GA, Ramsook AH, Guenette JA, Lima IN, Reid WD. Respiratory muscle endurance after training in athletes and non-athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport. 2016; 17:76–86. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.08.001.
  31. Ahmadnezhad L, Yalfani A, Gholami Borujeni B. Inspiratory Muscle Training in Rehabilitation of Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sport Rehabil. 2020; 29(8):1151–1158. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2019-0231.
  32. Rehder-Santos P, Abreu RM, Signini ÉF, et al. Moderate- and High-Intensity Inspiratory Muscle Training Equally Improves Inspiratory Muscle Strength and Endurance-A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2021; 16(8):1111–1119. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0189.
  33. Markov G, Spengler CM, Knöpfli-Lenzin C, Stuessi C, Boutellier U. Respiratory muscle training increases cycling endurance without affecting cardiovascular responses to exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001; 85(3–4):233–9. doi: 10.1007/s004210100450.
  34. Johnson MA, Sharpe GR, Brown PI. Inspiratory muscle training improves cycling time-trial performance and anaerobic work capacity but not critical power. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007; 101(6):761–70. doi: 10.1007 /s00421-007-0551-3.
  35. Kilding AE, Brown S, McConnell AK. Inspiratory muscle training improves 100 and 200 m swimming performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010; 108(3):505–11. doi: 10.1007 /s00421-009-1228-x.
  36. Ando R, Ohya T, Kusanagi K, et al. Effect of inspiratory resistive training on diaphragm shear modulus and accessory inspiratory muscle activation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020; 45(8):851–856. doi: 10.1139 /apnm-2019-0906.
  37. Gómez-Albareda E, Viscor G, García I. Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Maximal Inspiratory Pressure Without Increasing Performance in Elite Swimmers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2023; 18(3):320–325. doi: 10.1123 /ijspp.2022-0238.
  38. Riganas C, Papadopoulou Z, Margaritelis NV, Christoulas K, Vrabas IS. Inspiratory muscle training effects on oxygen saturation and performance in hypoxemic rowers: Effect of sex. J Sports Sci. 2019; 37(22):2513–2521. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2019 .1646582.
  39. Mickleborough TD, Nichols T, Lindley MR, Chatham K, Ionescu AA. Inspiratory flow resistive loading improves respiratory muscle function and endurance capacity in recreational runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010; 20(3):458–68. doi: 10.1111 /j.1600-0838.2009.00951.x.
  40. Rożek-Piechura K, Kurzaj M, Okrzymowska P, Kucharski W, Stodółka J, Maćkała K. Influence of Inspiratory Muscle Training of Various Intensities on the Physical Performance of Long-Distance Runners. J Hum Kinet. 2020; 75:127–137. doi: 10.2478 /hukin-2020-0031.
  41. Williams JS, Wongsathikun J, Boon SM, Acevedo EO. Inspiratory muscle training fails to improve endurance capacity in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34(7):1194–8. doi: 10.1097 /00005768-200207000-00022
  42. Vasconcelos T, Hall A, Viana R. The influence of inspiratory muscle training on lung function in female basketball players – a randomized controlled trial. Porto Biomed J. 2017; 2(3):86–89. doi: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.12.003.
  43. Nunes Júnior AO, Donzeli MA, Shimano SGN, de Oliveira NML, Ruas G, Bertoncello D. Effects of high-intensity inspiratory muscle training in rugby players. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2018; 24(3):216–219. doi: 10.1590/1517 -869220182403166216.
  44. Hartz CS, Sindorf MAG, Lopes CR, Batista J, Moreno MA. Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Performance of Handball Athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2018; 63:43–51. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0005.
  45. Najafi A, Ebrahim K, Ahmadizad S, Jahani Ghaeh Ghashlagh GR, Javidi M, Hackett D. Improvements in soccerspecific fitness and exercise tolerance following 8 weeks of inspiratory muscle training in adolescent males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019; 59(12):1975–1984. doi: 10 .23736/s0022-4707.19.09578-1.
  46. Karsten M, Ribeiro GS, Esquivel MS, Matte DL. The effects of inspiratory muscle training with linear workload devices on the sports performance and cardiopulmonary function of athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport. 2018; 34:92–104. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.09.004.
  47. Lorca-Santiago J, Jiménez SL, Pareja-Galeano H, Lorenzo A. Inspiratory Muscle Training in Intermittent Sports Modalities: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4448. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph17124448.
  48. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009; 6(7):e1000097. doi: 10.1371 /journal.pmed.1000097.
  49. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011; 343:d5928. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5928.
  50. Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther. 2003; 83(8):713–21.
  51. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, et al. GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence for diagnostic recommendations. Evid Based Med. 2008; 13:162–3. doi: 10.1136/ebm.13.6.162-a.
  52. Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/ or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014; 14:135. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-135.
  53. Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch V. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. vol 4. Hoboken: Wiley. 2019:1465–1858.
  54. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003; 327(7414):557–60. doi: 10.1136 /bmj.327.7414.557.
  55. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1988
  56. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994; 50(4):1088–101.
  57. Viechtbauer W. Conducting Meta-Analyses in R with the metafor Package. J Stat Softw. 2010; 36(3):1–48. doi: 10.18637 /jss.v036.i03.
  58. Viechtbauer W, Cheung MW. Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010; 1(2):112–25. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.11.
  59. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997; 315(7109):629–34. doi: 10.1136 /bmj.315.7109.629.
  60. Thompson SG, Higgins JP. How should meta-regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted? Stat Med. 2002; 21(11):1559–73. doi: 10.1002 /sim.1187.
  61. Archiza B, Andaku DK, Caruso FCR, et al. Effects of inspiratory muscle training in professional women football players: a randomized sham-controlled trial. J Sports Sci. 2018; 36(7):771–780. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1340659.
  62. De Sousa MM, Pimentel MDS, Sobreira IDA, Barros RDJ, Borghi-Silva A, Mazzoli-Rocha F. Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Aerobic Capacity in Amateur Indoor Football Players. Int J Sports Med. 2021; 42(5):456–463. doi: 10.1055/a-1255-3256.
  63. Nicks CR, Morgan DW, Fuller DK, Caputo JL. The influence of respiratory muscle training upon intermittent exercise performance. Int J Sports Med. 2009; 30(1):16–21. doi: 10.1055 /s-2008-1038794.
  64. Ozmen T, Gunes GY, Ucar I, Dogan H, Gafuroglu TU. Effects of respiratory muscle training on pulmonary function and aerobic endurance in soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017; 57(5):507–513. doi: 10.23736 /S0022-4707.16.06283-6.
  65. Romer LM, McConnell AK, Jones DA. Effects of inspiratory muscle training upon recovery time during high intensity, repetitive sprint activity. Int J Sports Med. 2002; 23(5):353–60. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-33143.
  66. Lomax M, Grant I, Corbett J. Inspiratory muscle warm-up and inspiratory muscle training: separate and combined effects on intermittent running to exhaustion. J Sports Sci. 2011; 29(6):563–9. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.543911.
  67. Antonelli CBB, Hartz CS, Da Silva Santos S, Moreno MA. Effects of inspiratory muscle training with progressive loading on respiratory muscle function and sports performance in high-performance wheelchair basketball athletes: A randomized clinical trial. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020; 15(2):238–242. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0979.
  68. Goosey-Tolfrey V, Foden E, Perret C, Degens H. Effects of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory function and repetitive sprint performance in wheelchair basketball players. Br J Sports Med. 2010; 44(9):665–8. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.049486.
  69. Tranchita E, Minganti C, Musumeci L, Squeo MR, Parisi A. Inspiratory muscles training in young basketball players: Preliminary evaluation. Medicina dello Sport. 2014; 67(3):411–422.
  70. Merola PK, Zaccani AA, Faria CC, Berton DC, Verges S, Franchini E. High load inspiratory muscle warm-up has no impact on Special Judo Fitness Test performance. Ido Mov Cult J Martial Arts Anthropol. 2019; 19(1):66–74. doi: 10.14589/ido.19.1.7.
  71. Cybulska A, Drobnik P. An assessment of the impact of special training of inspiratory muscles in a fitness classes programme on physical capacity of 20–25-year-old women. Balt J Health Phys Act. 2015; 7(4):37–47.
  72. Wiwchar DM, Chatham K, Boothby DS, Clark SB, Cahalin LP. High-Intensity inspiratory muscle training improves skating performance and maximal oxygen consumption in division 1 college ice hockey players. 2010. Accessed July 10, 2024. https://www.pro2fit.com/reports/ IMT%20in%20Ice%20Hockey_Revised_ Final_manuscript.pdf.
  73. Wu C-Y, Yang T-Y, Lo P-Y, Guo L-Y. Effects of respiratory muscle training on exercise performance in tennis players. Medicina dello Sport. 2017; 70(3):318–327. doi: 10.23736/s0025-7826.17.02898 -8.
  74. Lin H, Tong TK, Huang C, Nie J, Lu K, Quach B. Specific inspiratory muscle warm-up enhances badminton footwork performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007; 32(6):1082–8. doi: 10.1139/ h07-077.
  75. Cunha M, Mendes F, Paciencia I, et al. The effect of inspiratory muscle training on swimming performance, inspiratory muscle strength, lung function, and perceived breathlessness in elite swimmers: a randomized controlled trial. Porto Biomed J. 2019; 4(6):e49–e49. doi: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000049.
  76. Kapus J. Effects of inspiratory muscle training on inspiratory muscle strength and sprint swimming performance in young female and male swimmers. Kinesiol Slov. 2013; 19(1):53–61.
  77. Lemaitre F, Coquart JB, Chavallard F, et al. Effect of additional respiratory muscle endurance training in young well-trained swimmers. J Sport Sci Med. 2013; 12(4):630–638.
  78. Mickleborough TD, Stager JM, Chatham K, Lindley MR, Ionescu AA. Pulmonary adaptations to swim and inspiratory muscle training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008; 103(6):635–46. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0759-x.
  79. Okrzymowska P, Kurzaj M, Seidel W, Rozek-Piechura K. Eight Weeks of Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Pulmonary Function in Disabled Swimmers: A Randomized Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(10):1747. doi: 10.3390 /ijerph16101747.
  80. Shei R-J, Lindley M, Chatham K, Mickleborough TD. Effect of flow-resistive inspiratory loading on pulmonary and respiratory muscle function in sub-elite swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016; 56(4):392–398.
  81. Tan M, Liang Y, Lv W, Ren H, Cai Q. The effects of inspiratory muscle training on swimming performance: A study on the cohort of swimming specialization students. Physiol Behav. 2023; 271:114347. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh .2023.114347
  82. Vasickova J, Neumannova K, Svozil Z. The Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training on Fin-Swimmers’ Performance. J Sport Sci Med. 2017; 16(4):521–526.
  83. Yañez-Sepulveda R, Alvear-Ordenes I, Tapia-Guajardo A, Verdugo-Marchese H, Cristi-Montero C, Tuesta M. Inspiratory muscle training improves the swimming performance of competitive young male sprint swimmers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2021; 61(10):1348–1353. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.21.11769 -4.
  84. Tong TK, Fu FH, Eston R, Chung PK, Quach B, Lu K. Chronic and acute inspiratory muscle loading augment the effect of a 6-week interval program on tolerance of high-intensity intermittent bouts of running. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(11):3041–8. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0b013e3181bf033b.
  85. Tong TK, McConnell AK, Lin H, Nie J, Zhang H, Wang J. “Functional” Inspiratory and Core Muscle Training Enhances Running Performance and Economy. J Strength Cond Res. 2016; 30(10):2942–51. doi: 10.1519 /jsc.0000000000000656.
  86. Inbar O, Weiner P, Azgad Y, Rotstein A, Weinstein Y. Specific inspiratory muscle training in well-trained endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(7):1233–7. doi: 10.1097/00005768 -200007000-00008.
  87. Edwards AM, Wells C, Butterly R. Concurrent inspiratory muscle and cardiovascular training differentially improves both perceptions of effort and 5000 m running performance compared with cardiovascular training alone. Br J Sports Med. 2008; 42(10):823–7. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.045377.
  88. Romer LM, McConnell AK, Jones DA. Effects of inspiratory muscle training on time-trial performance in trained cyclists. J Sports Sci. 2002; 20(7):547–62. doi: 10.1080/026404102760000053
  89. Sonetti DA, Wetter TJ, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA. Effects of respiratory muscle training versus placebo on endurance exercise performance. Respir Physiol. 2001; 127(2–3):185–99. doi: 10.1016/s0034-5687(01)00250-x.
  90. Salazar-Martinez E, Gatterer H, Burtscher M, Naranjo Orellana J, Santalla A. Influence of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Ventilatory Efficiency and Cycling Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia. Front Physiol. 2017; 8:133. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017 .00133.
  91. Romer LM, McConnell AK, Jones DA. Inspiratory muscle fatigue in trained cyclists: effects of inspiratory muscle training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34(5):785–92. doi: 10.1097 /00005768-200205000-00010.
  92. Turner LA, Tecklenburg-Lund SL, Chapman RF, Stager JM, Wilhite DP, Mickleborough TD. Inspiratory muscle training lowers the oxygen cost of voluntary hyperpnea. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012; 112(1):127–34. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00954.2011.
  93. Forbes S, Game A, Syrotuik D, Jones R, Bell GJ. The effect of inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle training in rowers. Res Sports Med. 2011; 19(4):217–30. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2011.608033.
  94. Bell GJ, Game A, Jones R, Webster T, Forbes SC, Syrotuik D. Inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle training as an adjunct to concurrent strength and endurance training provides no additional 2000 m performance benefits to rowers. Res Sports Med. 2013; 21(3):264–279. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2013.792090.
  95. Klusiewicz A, Borkowski L, Zdanowicz R, Boros P, Wesolowski S. The inspiratory muscle training in elite rowers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008; 48(3):279–284.
  96. Riganas CS, Vrabas IS, Christoulas K, Mandroukas K. Specific inspiratory muscle training does not improve performance V̇ O2max levels in well trained rowers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2008; 48(3):285–292.
  97. Downey AE, Chenoweth LM, Townsend DK, Ranum JD, Ferguson CS, Harms CA. Effects of inspiratory muscle training on exercise responses in normoxia and hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2007; 156(2):137–146. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2006.08.006.
  98. Wells GD, Plyley M, Thomas S, Goodman L, Duffin J. Effects of concurrent inspiratory and expiratory muscle training on respiratory and exercise performance in competitive swimmers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 94(5):527–540. doi: 10.1007 /s00421-005-1375-7.
Copyright: Institute of Sport. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
SUBMIT YOUR PAPER
Share
without publication fees
Integrated with
Editorial Policies
Sarajevo Declaration on Integrity and Visibility of Scholarly Publications