Introduction
According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) data from 2016, 39.3% of adults in Poland are overweight and 23.1% are obese. The percentage of the overweight and obese population in Poland has doubled over the last 40 years, similarly to other developed countries [1]. According to the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO), over 600 000 procedures were performed in 2014 in the 56 countries that are members of the IFSO, 20 of which have national bariatric registers. Since a Polish registry is currently under development, the collected data need to be based on voluntary questionnaires. As Polish bariatric surgery surveys results were previously published in 2007 by Janik et al. [2] and in 2015 by Stanowski et al. [3], we wanted to present the most recent results of the survey from Polish bariatric centers as the data regarding Poland in the latest IFSO report seem to be inaccurate.
Aim
Our purpose was to report an updated overview of the bariatric surgical procedures performed in Polish institutions in comparison to the situation in Europe as well as to analyze the trends in bariatric surgery over the last decades. We also tried to investigate whether the Polish trends are similar to the global ones.
Material and methods
A questionnaire evaluating the number and characteristics of bariatric procedures performed in 2016 was sent to all Polish surgical departments. Two hundred and sixty surgical departments returned the questionnaires, 27 of which reported having performed bariatric operative or endoscopic procedures in 2016.
Results
The total number of bariatric procedures performed in Poland in 2016 included 1958 operations and 49 endoscopic procedures. Due to incoherence in the reports, only 1597 procedures could be classified, since 361 had been reported as unknown type (18.4%). Among 82.5%, the most common operations were: LSG (64.6%, n = 1032) and LRYGB (18.2%; n = 291), followed by one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) (8.3%; n = 132) and LAGB (7.3%; n = 117). According to the data gathered, the number of open approach bariatric procedures has been decreasing, although it is still performed, as 12 (0.7%) cases of RYGB were reported. Among the remaining 13 (0.8%) procedures, there were 3 cases of single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) (0.2%, n = 3), for the first time reported in the Polish survey (Figure 1).
Thirteen centers reported performing more than 50 bariatric procedures a year, 4 between 100 and 200, and two departments (Warsaw and Gdansk) performed more than 300 operations. In these two main bariatric centers, the most common operation was sleeve gastrectomy (accordingly 57% and 55%).
Among 21 surgical departments that had presented the distribution of their operations, 18 centers reported performing LSG and 10 LRYGB. Two bariatric centers performed MGB, another two LAGB, and only one center SADI. Four departments perform endoscopic procedures. Two departments reported open approach bariatric operations.
Discussion
High effectiveness and safety of bariatric procedures positively influence the patients’ quality of life [4–7]. The implementation of the ERAS protocol in bariatric surgery [8] helped to increase the popularity of surgical treatment of obesity, which is the trend presented in our survey.
The number of bariatric procedures in Poland continues to increase every year, from 176 in 2007, 841 in 2012, 1499 in 2014, up to 1958 procedures in 2016 [2, 3] (Figure 2).
Laparoscopy, which tends to be a method of choice in bariatric surgery, dominates, with more than 99% of procedures. Open surgery constitutes less than 1% of all operations, which is in accordance with the global trend, as stated by the IFSO report from 2017 (Third IFSO Global Registry Report 2017), 98.8% of bariatric procedures having been performed by laparoscopy [9].
There were 49 procedures performed with endoscopic techniques, for the first time reported by any Polish bariatric centers. According to Żurawiński et al., endoscopic intragastric balloon implantation is an effective and safe method of excess body mass reduction in patients with morbid obesity before a planned bariatric surgical procedure [10]. The decreasing trend in open bariatric surgery had already been observed by Janik et al. [2]. In 2008, 106 out of 273 bariatric procedures (38.8%) were open abdominal operations, compared to 3.6% in 2014 and less than 1% in 2016 (Figure 3).
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy continues to outnumber the rest of procedures with 879 (58.6%) procedures in 2014 and 1032 (64.6%) in 2016 and remains the most popular bariatric procedure in Poland.
The percentage of LRYGB operations has not changed – 18.5% in 2014 and 18.2% in 2016. According to the survey presented by Janik et al., there was an increasing tendency in the number of LAGB procedures from 2010 to 2014, when 114 (7%) LAGB operations were performed. The 2016 survey presents a stable number of 117 (7%) reported LAGB procedures, despite poor long-term outcomes reported by the Polish bariatric centers [11, 12] (Figure 3).
Polish trends tend to be similar to international ones. According to the 2014 survey, the results of which were published by Angrisani et al., sleeve gastrectomy was the most common bariatric procedure in the world [13]. Sleeve gastrectomy constituted 45.9% of the bariatric operations in the world in 2014 compared to 58.6% in 2014 and 64.6% in 2016 in Poland. 39.6% of operations worldwide were LRYGB, whereas in Poland the percentage was only 18.5% in 2014 and 18.2% in 2016. Nevertheless, the annual percentage of sleeve gastrectomies continues to increase in the IFSO regions and in Poland.
The major limitation of this study was the problem with gathering reliable data. Several surgical departments did not follow the principles of the questionnaire and they did not report the precise numbers of procedures performed. Out of 1958 operations, only 1597 were included in the study, since 361 (18.4%) procedures had been reported without a declared type. This could be omitted in future surveys if a national registry of bariatric operations is created. There have been many attempts to create such a registry that would allow gathering of reliable data about types of operations, bariatric surgeons and complications, but unfortunately none of them has been successful so far in Poland. Only 259 bariatric procedures performed by 3 Polish surgical centers were reported to the IFSO register of more than 200 000 operations performed globally from 2013 to 2017 [9].
Conclusions
Registers of bariatric procedures provide information that helps in planning treatment and predicting possible complications. Adequate reporting of bariatric procedures is necessary to present the importance of the high incidence of obesity and the importance of its treatment. To collect reliable data, a national Polish bariatric surgery registry should be created.
