Biol Sport. 2026;43:1243–1251
1. Douchet T, Paizis C, Carling C, Babault N. Influence of a modified versus a typical microcycle periodization on the weekly external loads and match day readiness in elite academy soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2024; 93:133–44. https://doi.org /10.5114/jhk/182984.
2.
Los Arcos A, Mendez-Villanueva A, Martínez-Santos R. In-season training periodization of professional soccer players. Biol Sport. 2017; 34:149–55. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport .2017.64588.
3.
Juan Luis Delgado-Bordonau AM-V. Tactical Periodization: Mourinho’s Best-Kept Secret? 2012.
4.
Martín-García A, Gómez Díaz A, Bradley PS, Morera F, Casamichana D. Quantification of a professional football team’s external load using a microcycle structure. J Strength Cond Res. 2018; 32:3511–8. https://doi.org/10.1519 /JSC.0000000000002816.
5.
Asimakidis ND, Bishop CJ, Beato M, Mukandi IN, Kelly AL, Weldon A, et al. A survey into the current fitness testing practices of elite male soccer practitioners: from assessment to communicating results. Front Physiol. 2024; 15:1376047. https://doi.org /10.3389/fphys.2024.1376047.
6.
Light N, Smith N, Delahunt E, Thorborg K. Hip and groin injury management in English youth football: a survey of 64 professional academies. Sci Med Footb. 2018; 2:133–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938 .2018.1441536.
7.
Masuda K, Kikuhara N, Demura S, Katsuta S, Yamanaka K. Relationship between muscle strength in various isokinetic movements and kick performance among soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2005; 45:44–52.
8.
Jones S, Mullen R, Clair Z, Wrigley R, Andersen TE, Williams M. Field based lower limb strength tests provide insight into sprint and change of direction ability in academy footballers. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021; 31:2178–86. https://doi .org/10.1111/sms.14039.
9.
Wollin M, Thorborg K, Welvaert M, Pizzari T. In-season monitoring of hip and groin strength, health and function in elite youth soccer: Implementing an early detection and management strategy over two consecutive seasons. J Sci Med Sport. 2018; 21:988–93. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.jsams.2018.03.004.
10.
DeLang MD, Garrison JC, Hannon JP, Ishøi L, Thorborg K. Weekly screening of youth male football players: a 14-week longitudinal investigation of interactions between groin pain and long lever adductor squeeze strength. J Sci Med Sport. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jsams.2023.02.003.
11.
Whittaker JL, Small C, Maffey L, Emery CA. Risk factors for groin injury in sport: an updated systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2015; 49:803–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports -2014-094287.
12.
Bourne MN, Williams M, Jackson J, Williams KL, Timmins RG, Pizzari T. Preseason Hip/Groin Strength and HAGOS Scores Are Associated With Subsequent Injury in Professional Male Soccer Players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020; 50:234–42. https://doi .org/10.2519/jospt.2020.9022.
13.
Wollin M, Pizzari T, Spagnolo K, Welvaert M, Thorborg K. The effects of football match congestion in an international tournament on hip adductor squeeze strength and pain in elite youth players. J Sports Sci. 2017; 36:1167–72. https://doi.org/10.1080 /02640414.2017.1363452.
14.
Sánchez-Migallón V, López-Samanes Á, Del Coso J, Navandar A, Aagaard P, Moreno-Pérez V. Effects of consecutive days of matchplay on maximal hip abductor and adductor strength in female field hockey players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2022; 14:3. https://doi.org/10 .1186/s13102-021-00394-x.
15.
van Klij P, Langhout R, van Beijsterveldt AMC, Stubbe JH, Weir A, Agricola R, et al. Do hip and groin muscle strength and symptoms change throughout a football season in professional male football players? A prospective cohort study with repeated measures. J Sci Med Sport. 2021; 24:1123–9. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jsams.2021.03.019.
16.
Springham M, Singh N, Stewart P, et al. Acute neuromuscular and perceptual responses to U-18 English Premier League academy football match play. Eur J Sport Sci. 2024;24(10):1405-1413. doi:10.1002/ejsc.12191
17.
Gereduz Agapito L, Brownstein CG, Maffiuletti NA. Effects of soccer match-play on muscle strength, physical performance, and perceptual responses in elite female players. J Strength Cond Res. 2025; 39:79–85. https://doi.org /10.1519/JSC.0000000000004934.
18.
Hamad MJ, Alcaraz PE, Thorborg K, Martínez Serrano A, Spyrou K. Match-related acute and residual changes of hip-adduction strength in youth soccer players. J Hum Kinet. 2025. https://doi.org/10.5114/ jhk/204377.
19.
Buchheit M, Lacome M, Cholley Y, Simpson BM. Neuromuscular Responses to Conditioned Soccer Sessions Assessed via GPS-Embedded Accelerometers: Insights Into Tactical Periodization. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2018; 13:577–83. https://doi.org/10.1123 /ijspp.2017-0045.
20.
Jokela A, Pasta G, Della Villa F, Abrantes A, Kalogiannidis D, García-Romero-Pérez A, et al. Mechanisms of severe adductor longus injuries in professional soccer players: A systematic visual video analysis. Orthop J Sports Med. 2025; 13:23259671241309650. https://doi .org/10.1177/23259671241309647.
21.
Serner A, Mosler AB, Tol JL, Bahr R, Weir A. Mechanisms of acute adductor longus injuries in male football players: a systematic visual video analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019; 53:158–64. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports -2018-099246.
22.
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Lancet. 2007; 370:1453–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736 (07)61602-X.
23.
Weir JP. Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19:231–40. https://doi. org/10.1519 /15184.1.
24.
Ishøi L, Hölmich P, Thorborg K. MEASURES OF HIP MUSCLE STRENGTH AND RATE OF FORCE DEVELOPMENT USING A FIXATED HANDHELD DYNAMOMETER: INTRA-TESTER INTRA-DAY RELIABILITY OF A CLINICAL SET-UP. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2019; 14:715–23.
25.
Foster C, Florhaug JA, Franklin J, Gottschall LL, Hrovatin LA, Parker S, et al. A new approach to monitoring exercise training. J Strength Cond Res. 2001; 15:109–15. https://doi .org/10.1519/1533-4287(2001)015 <0109:ANATME>2.0.CO; 2.
26.
Waldron M, Harding J, Barrett S, Gray A. A New Foot-Mounted Inertial Measurement System in Soccer: Reliability and Comparison to Global Positioning Systems for Velocity Measurements During Team Sport Actions. J Hum Kinet. 2021; 77:37–50. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin -2021-0010.
27.
Myhill N, Weaving D, Robinson M, Barrett S, Emmonds S. Concurrent validity and between-unit reliability of a foot-mounted inertial measurement unit to measure velocity during team sport activity. Sci Med Footb. 2023:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938 .2023.2237493.
28.
Lewis G, Towlson C, Roversi P, Domogalla C, Herrington L, Barrett S. Quantifying volume and high-speed technical actions of professional soccer players using foot-mounted inertial measurement units. PLoS One. 2022; 17:e0263518. https://doi.org/10.1371 /journal.pone.0263518.
29.
JASP Team. JASP. 2024.
30.
Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013; 4:863. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg .2013.00863.
31.
Hopkins WG. New View of Statistics: Effect Magnitudes n.d. https://www. sportsci.org/resource/stats/effectmag.html (accessed May 2, 2025).
32.
Royer N, Nosaka K, Doguet V, Jubeau M. Neuromuscular responses to isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions of the knee extensors at the same torque-time integral. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022; 122:127–39. https://doi.org /10.1007/s00421-021-04817-y.
33.
Gabbett TJ, Oetter E. From tissue to system: What constitutes an appropriate response to loading? Sports Med. 2025; 55:17–35. https://doi.org/10.1007 /s40279-024-02126-w.
34.
Rosvoglou A, Fatouros IG, Poulios A, Tsatalas T, Papanikolaou K, Karampina E, et al. Recovery kinetics following eccentric exercise is volume-dependent. J Sports Sci. 2023; 41:1326–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414 .2023.2272101.
35.
Dupré T, Tryba J, Potthast W. Muscle activity of cutting manoeuvres and soccer inside passing suggests an increased groin injury risk during these movements. Sci Rep. 2021; 11:7223. https://doi.org /10.1038/s41598-021-86666-5.
36.
Light N, Thorborg K. The precision and torque production of common hip adductor squeeze tests used in elite football. J Sci Med Sport. 2016; 19:888–92. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jsams.2015.12.009.
37.
Hader K, Rumpf MC, Hertzog M, Kilduff LP, Girard O, Silva JR. Monitoring the athlete match response: Can external load variables predict post-match acute and residual fatigue in soccer? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2019; 5:48. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0219-7.
38.
Roe GAB, Phibbs PJ, Till K, Jones BL, Read DB, Weakley JJ, et al. Changes in Adductor Strength After Competition in Academy Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2016; 30:344–50. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC .0000000000001024.
39.
Jensen J, Bandholm T, Hölmich P, Thorborg K. Acute and sub-acute effects of repetitive kicking on hip adduction torque in injury-free elite youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2014; 32:1357–64. https://doi.org/10.1080 /02640414.2013.879673.
Copyright: Institute of Sport. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.