eISSN: 1897-4252
ISSN: 1731-5530
Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska/Polish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Supplements Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing Contact Instructions for authors Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
4/2022
vol. 19
 
Share:
Share:
Original paper

The impact of modular cardiac rehabilitation on quality of life and exercise tolerance in patients with myocardial infarction and COVID-19 infection

Berik Bolatbekov
1, 2
,
Kymbat Trusheva
1
,
Tilektes Maulenkul
1
,
Amirkhan Baimagambetov
1
,
Nurlan Zhanabayev
1
,
Gulmira Kudaiberdieva
3

1.
Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan
2.
Cardiomed Clinic, Shymkent, Kazakhstan
3.
Scientific Research Institute of Heart Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, Adana, Turkey
Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska 2022; 19 (4): 211-219
Online publish date: 2022/12/24
Article file
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 

Introduction

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide during cardiovascular diseases; nevertheless, AMI mortality has decreased due to comprehensive medical and interventional treatment and prevention [1]. Increased survival after AMI leads to an increase in the number of patients living with heart disease. Therefore, there is a need for optimal secondary prevention throughout their life [2]. An important step in the secondary prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction is cardiac rehabilitation (CR). The main goals of CR are to reverse the physiological and psychological effects of myocardial infarction, to achieve clinical stabilization (which leads to a significant reduction in hospitalizations, adverse events, and premature death), to optimize risk management, and to improve the psychosocial and psycho-emotional status of patients [3, 4]. However, with the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic, the CR programs in many clinics were limited due to quarantine measures [5]. The COVID-19 pandemic has undeniably influenced CR efforts around the world [69]. There are heterogeneous data on the pathophysiology and morphology of myocardial damage during the COVID-19 pandemic [10, 11]. Rey et al. revealed the development of AMI due to thrombosis of both stenosed and unchanged coronary arteries [12]. In the study of Wang et al. an increased level of cardio-specific markers (troponin, NT-proBNP, etc.) was observed in 8% of patients with COVID-19 and was not accompanied by clinical deterioration [13]. The pandemic caused delays in reaching hospitals, door-to-lytic and door-to-balloon time, many patients refrained to call ambulance services when experiencing chest pain [14], all these factors contributed to complicated course of AMI and unfavourable outcomes. Mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) more than tripled during pandemics, from 4% in 2019 to 14% during the outbreak, while the rate of post-AMI complications after intervention for STEMI increased from 10.6% to 19%. However, little is known about CR rehabilitation in the COVID era, when the course of AMI is complicated due to the above-mentioned factors and patients’ mobility is restricted due to quarantine [15]. Most researchers still emphasize the importance and necessity of rehabilitation measures that must continue despite restrictive measures during the pandemic [16]. In fact, multimodal CR programs have been shown to provide greater input for survival compared to exercise-only interventions. Moreover, most CR programs are not personalized to the preferences of individual patients or populations, especially when COVID-19 is present, which exacerbates the course of myocardial infarction [17]. Knowledge about the effects of CR on quality of life and exercise tolerance in AMI patients with COVID is scarce.

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of a modular CR program on quality of life and exercise tolerance among post-infarction patients with COVID-19 recovery and those with no history of COVID-19 infection, and to explore the relationship between quality of life measures and exercise tolerance in COVID-19 patients with AMI.

Material and methods

The design of this study is a prospective cohort clinical study.

This study included 118 patients with history of AMI admitted to the rehabilitation department of the Cardiomed clinic through the portal of the hospitalization bureau, selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Criteria for inclusion:

  • patients with a documented history of myocardial infarction, who had and had not undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery stenting.

    Criteria for exclusion:

  • patients with open heart surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting, mammary coronary bypass grafting, correction of valvular defects, correction of ASD, VSD, etc.),

  • patients referred to the CR after stenting, but without myocardial infarction.

To evaluate the impact of a modular CR program among patients, they were divided into 2 groups: the first group included 86 patients who had “ground-glass opacity” changes in the lungs on computed tomography (CT), and the second group comprised 32 patients who had no history of coronavirus infection or no change on CT scan of the lungs during the pandemic. The study was conducted in the rehabilitation department of the hospital “CardioMed Clinic”, located in Shymkent, Kazakhstan.

Baseline variables

We assessed baseline clinical variables: age, gender, number of days after AMI-related discharge from the hospital, ventricular tachycardia during AMI, records in ambulatory prior to AMI, n (%), stage of rehabilitation, risk factors of coronary artery disease (i.e. arterial hypertension, diabetes, smoking, overweight/obesity), body mass index, coronary artery interventions, stenting of the coronary arteries, respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and chronic heart failure with NYHA class. The COVID-19 diagnosis was established by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and all patients in group 1 underwent computed tomography; the severity of COVID-19-induced changes in lungs were defined by Li et al. [18].

The CR program

The modular CR program consists of 5 modules: the first module is an initial assessment to determine the individual needs of each patient in CR for the preparation of individual rehabilitation programs. Based on the initial assessment, in the second module, patients were educated on relevant topics about risk factors and adherence to dietary therapy, as well as talks and discussions on the underlying disease. The third module provided the correction and selection of drug therapy for each patient participating in the CR. The fourth module is a daily physical training regime with an individual approach, starting with small load exercises and with a gradual increase, taking into account the level of heart contraction (HR) rate and the subjective assessment of load exercises on the Borg scale. The physical training module consisted of physical exercises, including on an exercise bike and a treadmill. The increase in intensity during the program was calculated according to both the HR rate response and the Borg scale (from 0 to 10 on the Borg scale) [19]. The HR was constantly monitored during sessions using ECG monitoring along with the Borg scores. The target HR rate was calculated according to the Karvonen formula [20]. The fifth and final module consists of physiotherapy according to indications, and as prescribed by a physiotherapist. The patients were hospitalized in the department of rehabilitation 3 times for the 2nd and 3rd stages of the CR after AMI. The interval between the first, second, and third hospitalization in the department for each patient was 3 months. During the 3-month break, the patient performed the recommended physical activity. The duration of modular rehabilitation for each hospitalization was 14 days.

Quality of life

Life quality parameters in both groups were assessed using the Seattle Questionnaire before and after (2-week period) the application of the CR modular program, as well as 3 and 6 months after the application [21]. The Seattle Questionnaire consists of 19 questions combined into 5 scales: physical limitation (PL); angina stability (AS); angina frequency (AF); treatment satisfaction (TS); and disease perception (DP). Each scale is rated from 0 to 100 points, and a high number of points indicates less restriction of physical activity (PL), lower frequency (AF) and changes in symptoms of angina pectoris (AS), high satisfaction with treatment (TS), and high disease perception (DP), respectively.

Exercise tolerance parameters

Exercise tolerance was evaluated using the 6-minute walk test [22], and the exercise stress test on the treadmill was performed according to the standard Bruce protocol. We assessed total CR training duration in seconds, metabolic equivalent (MET) [23], maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) [24], and HR in beats/min. The exercise parameters were evaluated before, at the end of 2-week CR training, and 3 and 6 months later.

Ethics

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Cardiomed Clinic (study protocol No. 003E 09/11/2019).

Statistical analysis

IBM SPSS Statistics version 19 was used for statistical processing. To assess the normality of the distribution of quantitative data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Shapiro-Wilk test were used – the distribution of almost all variables was non-normal. Therefore, nonparametric tests were used to compare related and unrelated samples. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compared variables between groups. The Friedman test for repeated measures was used to compare QoL and exercise tolerance with groups before, at the end, and after 3 months and 6 months. Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between QoL and exercise tolerance variables because the distribution of variables differed from normal. The significance level was accepted at p < 0.05.

Results

General characteristics of patients are described in Table I below.

Table I

General characteristics of patients

VariablesGroup 1 (n = 86)Group 2 (n = 32)P-value
Age [years]57 ±8.5 [min. 40, max. 79, CI 73.4]57 ±8.9 [min. 35, max. 72, CI 80.76]0.525
Gender, n (%):
 Male66 (76.7)18 (56.3)0.222
 Female20 (23.3)14 (43.8)0.545
Number of days after AMI related discharge from the hospital196 ±124.4 (min. 38, max. 585,
CI 15466.0)
201 ±121.5 (min. 62, max. 558,
CI 14763.2)
0.664
Ventricular tachycardia during AMI, %2 (2.3)1 (3.1)1.00
Records in ambulatory prior to AMI, n (%)30 ±22 (min. 1, max. 162, CI 943.068)32 ±28 (min. 3, max. 165, CI 1028.3)0.552
Stage of rehabilitation, n (%):
 228 (32.6)8 (25)0.352
 358 (67.4)24 (75)1.00
Risk factors:
 Arterial hypertension, n (%):72 (83.7)28 (87.5)0.564
  Diabetes, n (%)19 (22.1%) 7 of whom on insulin therapy (8.1%)7 (21.9%) 4 of whom 7 (21.9%).
4 of whom on insulin therapy (12.5%)
0.223
  Smokers, n (%)30 (34.9)11 (34.4)0.6309
  Body mass index (BMI)30.0 ±5.4 (min. 21.7, max. 44, CI 29.757)30 ±4.4 (min. 20.7, max. 45, CI 19.618)0.646
Stenting of CA, n (%):71 (82.6)25 (78.1)0.584
 LAD45 (523)12 (37.5)
 LCx17 (19.8)8(25)
 RCA23 (26.7)8 (25)
 No stenting15 (17.4)7 (21.9)
RR on admission day17 ±0.5 (min. 17, max. 20, CI 76.452)17 ±0.8 (min. 16, max. 22, CI 74.564)0.068
HR on admission day, beats/min73 ±10.3 (min. 52, max. 97, CI 106.325)73 ±10.1 (min. 53, max. 96, CI 103.355)0.063
SBP on admission day [mm Hg]120 ±20.8 (min. 70, max. 160, CI 434.952)117 ±20.0 (min. 60, max. 160,
CI 401.512)
0.579
DBP on admission day [mm Hg]76 ±10.8 (min. 60, max. 100, CI 117.223)73 ±13.7 (min. 47, max. 100,
CI 189.717)
0.400
Chronic heart failure, NYHA class on admission day, n (%)NYHA 2 – 6 (7.0)
NYHA 3 – 73 (84.9)
NYHA 4 – 7 (8.1)
NYHA 2 – 3 (9.4)
NYHA 3 – 23 (71.9)
NYHA 4 – 6 (18.8)
1.00
0.023
0.891

[i] AMI – acute myocardial infarction, CA – coronary arteries, LAD – left anterior descending artery, LCx – left circumflex artery, RCA – right coronary artery, RR – respiratory rate, HR – heart rate, SBP – systolic blood pressure, DBP – diastolic blood pressure.

Both groups were comparable in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), RR, BP and HR, number of smokers, risk factors like arterial hypertension and diabetes, number of days after AMI and early post infarction complications. But in the first group there were slightly more men, but this was non-significant, and the number of patients who were at the 3rd stage of rehabilitation was slightly higher in group 1. Patients after AMI and COVID-19 had higher NYHA 3 class (p = 0.023). Both groups of patients did not differ by coronary intervention type and target vessels.

Tables II and III present comparative data on the effectiveness of the modular CR program between patients with an AMI and COVID-19 and an AMI without COVID-19, before and after the CR, as well as 3 and 6 months after the CR.

Table II

Performance indicators of the modular CR program: Seattle Questionnaire results [SAQ]

Quality of life parametersGroup 1, n = 86 Me [IQR]Group 2, n = 32 Me [IQR]P-value [Mann-Whitney test]
PL at the beginning33.3 [6.7]35.6 [10]0.086
PL at the end37.8 [6.7]37.8 [8.9]0.208
PL after 3 months46.7 [8.9]48.9 [7.8]0.284
PL after 6 months46.7 [8.9]48.9 [8.9]0.197
P-value [intragroup]0.014*0.002*
AS at the beginning50 [25]50 [50]0.055
AS at the end50 [25]50 [25]0.097
AS after 3 months75 [25]75 [25]0.161
AS after 6 months.75 [25]75 [25]0.016*
P-value [intragroup]0.046*0.001*
AF at the beginning50 [10]50 [10]0.787
AF at the end50 [10]50 [10]0,773
AF after 3 months60 [20]60 [20]0.691
AF after 6 months70 [30]60 [25]0.245
P-value [intragroup]0.015*0.09
TS at the beginning58.8 [17.5]47.5 [11.3]0.040*
TS at the end58.8 [16.3]52.5 [11.9]0.026*
TS after 3 months65 [12.5]70 [18.8]0.626
TS after 6 months65 [12.5]71.3 [13.1]0.470
P-value [intragroup]0.014*0.019*
DP at the beginning33.3 [16.7]33.3 [16.7]0.451
DP at the end33.3 [8.3]41.7 [16.7]0.639
DP after 3 months41.7 [41.7]41.7 [29.2]0.995
DP after 6 months41.7 [41.7]41.7 [33.3]0.913
P-value [intragroup]0.070.07

[i] PL – physical limitation, AS – angina stability, AF – angina frequency, TS – treatment satisfaction, DP – disease perception.

Table III

Performance indicators of the modular CR program: exercise tolerance parameters

ParametersGroup 1, n = 86 Me [IQR]Group 2, n = 32 Me [IQR]P-value [Mann-Whitney test]
MET at the beginning2.4 [0.7]2.4 [0.6]0.622
MET at the end2.6 [0.6]2.6 [0.5]0.669
MET after 3 months3.4 [0.6]3.4 [0.5]0.944
MET after 6 months3.9 [0.5]3.9 [0.7]0.538
P-value [intragroup]0.008*0.004*
VO2max
at the beginning
12.4 [1.5]12.6 [1.6]0.832
VO2max at the end12.8 [1.3]12.9 [1.6]0.858
VO2max
after E 3 months
15.9 [1.3]15.7 [1.4]0.228
VO2max
after 6 months
16.5 [1]16.5 [1.4]0.513
P-value [intragroup]0.002*0.008*
Duration of training
at the beginning
of the CR
270 [167]216 [155.5]0.188
Duration of training
at the end of the CR
369 [107]345 [163]0.073
Duration of training
after 3 months
1035 [293]917 [185]0.011*
Duration of training
after 6 months
1789 [194]1789 [174]0.762
P-value [intragroup]0.008*0.008*
6MWT at the beginning
of the CR
202 [168]195 [147]0.023*
6MWT at the end
of the CR
307 [265]288 [231]0.187
6MWT after 3 months332 [305]333 [311]0.256
6MWT after 6 months347 [321]351 [327]0.521
P-value [intragroup]0.011*0.019*

[i] MET – metabolic equivalent of task, VO2max – maximal oxygen consumption, 6MWT – 6-minute walk test.

Physical limitation increased groups 1 and group 2 in time (p = 0.014 and p = 0.002), but the difference between groups did not reach statistical significance.

Disease perception showed a trend to increase in both groups. Effect of CR on exercise tolerance (Table III).

Angina stability improved in both groups (p = 0.046 and p = 0.001), and there were statistically significant differences between groups after 6 months (p = 0.016) (Figure 1). Angina frequency increased in thew group of AMI patients with COVID (p = 0.015) but did not change significantly in the group of patients with AMI only. Treatment satisfaction improved in both groups (p = 0.014 and p = 0.019); however, it was higher in patients with history of AMI and COVID-19 as compared to patients with AMI only at the beginning and the end of CR (p = 0.04 and p = 0.026) (Figures 2, 3). Both groups increased the MET significantly during the training period (p = 0.008 and p = 0.004) on a similar level. Similarly, maximum oxygen consumption during training increased in both groups from beginning to the 6th month (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008). Interestingly, the duration of training increased in both groups significantly (p = 0.008 and p = 0.008) but at a higher level at the 3rd month (p = 0.011) (Figure 4). The 6-minute walk test result increased in both groups significantly (p = 0.011 and p = 0.019).

Figure 1

Duration of training after 3 months CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g001_min.jpg
Figure 2

TS at the beginning of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g002_min.jpg
Figure 3

TS at the end of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g003_min.jpg
Figure 4

AS 6 months after CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g004_min.jpg

The relationship between QoL and exercise tolerance parameters after CR

The quality of life parameters, like DP at the beginning of CR, had a direct correlation with MET at the end of the program (Figure 5) (R = 0.145, p = 0.042), and DP at the end of CR with MET at the end of CR (R = 0.151, p = 0.033) (Figure 6). A correlation remained between DP at the end of CR and MET at 3 months (R = 0.157, p = 0.027) (Figure 7). However, there was an inverse correlation of DP at 3 months after CR with training duration 6 months after CR (R = –0.140, p = 0.037) (Figure 8), and DP at 6 months after CR with training time after 6 months (R = –0.133, p = 0.048) (Figure 9). The treatment satisfaction (TS) of patients at the beginning of CR had a direct correlation with the MET parameter at the end of the CR (R = 0.133, p = 0.048) (Figure 10). However, there was also a negative association of TS at 3 months with the training duration at the end of the CR (R = –0.129, p = 0.048) (Figure 11), and after 3 months (R = –0.167, p = 0.010) (Figure 12). The TS at 6 months was associated with MOC at the end of CR (R = –0.148, p = 0.031) (Figure 13). The PL score at the beginning of CR was associated with the MET parameter after 6 months (R = 0.161, p = 0.017) (Figure 14).

Figure 5

Correlation between MET at the end of CR and DP at the beginning of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g005_min.jpg
Figure 6

Correlation between MET at the end of CR and DP at the end of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g006_min.jpg
Figure 7

Correlation between MET at 3 months after CR and DP at the end of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g007_min.jpg
Figure 8

Correlation between train. duration at 6 months and DP at 3 months after CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g008_min.jpg
Figure 9

Correlation between training duration and DP at 6 months after CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g009_min.jpg
Figure 10

Correlation between TS at the beginning of CR and MET at the end of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g010_min.jpg
Figure 11

Correlation between TS at 3 months after CR and duration of training at the end of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g011_min.jpg
Figure 12

Correlation between TS at 3 months after CR and training duration at 3 months after CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g012_min.jpg
Figure 13

Correlation between TS at 6 months after CR and MOC at the end of CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g013_min.jpg
Figure 14

Correlation between MET at 6 months after CR and PL before CR

/f/fulltexts/KiTP/48513/KITP-19-48513-g014_min.jpg

Discussion

Our study demonstrated that the CR training program had a positive effect on quality of life and exercise tolerance in patients after AMI with and without COVID-19. Although initially patients with COVID-19 had higher NYHA functional class, all patients achieved the same level of QoL and exercise tolerance as patients without COVID-19. Treatment satisfaction even was higher in pts with COVID-19 at the beginning and the end of the CR program, which may be because they received more care because of COVID-19. Perception of physical limitations increased in patients with COVID after 6 months. This may be explained by the effect of long-covid syndrome, which might affect patients psychologically or neurologically [25]. Previous studies after 2 and 3 months of follow-up showed the persistence of the symptom of chest pain in 21.7%, 13.1%, and 12.7% of patients who had COVID-19, which indicates the consequences of post-covid syndrome [2628]. The modular CR program pays attention not only to physical exercises (as in many recommendations), but also to adequate medication, reducing bad habits, developing a healthy lifestyle and diet, and limiting harmful transfats, all of which ultimately improves the quality of life. Results of the Seattle Questionnaire showed that in both groups physical tolerance increased, while more appropriate drug therapy was selected, the angina frequencies did not increase, and the results improved in patients who had AMI and COVID-19. The improvement in all variables was mainly at 3 months, and they were maintained during the 6-month follow-up period. When assessing the physical tolerance of patients, a gradual improvement in indicators for all points was revealed, the training duration in seconds was especially significantly increased in both groups, but in the group after MI it was better; however, by 6 months, patients who had had AMI and COVID-19 equalized. Taking into account the post-COVID condition in patients of the 2nd group, there is a decrease according to the results of the 6MWT. When evaluating the effect of physical activity parameters on quality-of-life indicators, it was determined that DP at the beginning of CR had a direct correlation with MET at the end of the program; however, an inverse correlation was found between DP 3–6 months after CR and training time 6 months after CR. The TS of patients at the beginning of the CR was directly correlated with the MET parameter at the end of the CR, indicating the importance of the modular CR program.

Modular CR programs include physical training and a correction of risk factors, nutrition, psychosocial counselling, and promotion of a healthy lifestyle. These exercise-based CR programs are effective in reducing morbidity, mortality, and readmission rates, and improving quality of life [29]. However, the effectiveness of CR programs and their attendance by patients has declined sharply during the global COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, a study by O’Doherty et al. with the British Society for Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation identified the need for innovation in CR programs with patient-centred interactive technology resources that also contribute to a more pragmatic implementation of modular CR programs for patients after COVID-19 and their impact on participation and safety [30]. Based on the same recommendations, our modular CR program was developed and was then modified during the COVID-19 pandemic.

There is little information on the prognosis of AMI in patients with COVID-19. A recent series of studies by Bangalore et al. showed that half of the patients had coronary angiography and that one third of these patients had non-obstructive coronary artery disease. Myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 may be multifactorial, including rupture of coronary plaques and microthrombi, cytokine storm, coronary spasm, endothelial injury, and myocarditis or taco-subocardiomyopathy [31]. In the study by Solano-López et al. more than two-thirds of COVID-19 patients with AMI died of ARDS or fulminant myocarditis; outcomes in these patients are determined by the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia and direct myocardial damage, while coronary artery thrombosis is more likely secondary [32]. For instance, Hendren et al. proposed the introduction of the concept of acute COVID-19 associated with cardiovascular syndrome (acute COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome – ACovCS), which included a wide range of symptoms, including fatigue, chest pain, decreased exercise tolerance, cognitive impairment, shortness of breath, fever, headache, and loss of smell and taste, but palpitations are typical and atypical frequent complaints [33]. Heart rhythm disturbances occur in COVID-19 patients with fluctuations from 7.3% to 44% of patients [34]. This high prevalence of arrhythmia may be partly due to metabolic problems, hypoxia, or neurohormonal or inflammatory stress [35]. In our study, we found a minimum of 52 beats per minute and a maximum of 97 beats per minute, and tachycardia attacks prevailed, according to patients. Furthermore, because the average heart rate of 73 beats per minute was seen in both groups, we could not suppose that COVID-19 affects the feeling of heartbeat; however, it may also be associated with drug therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need to scale up and reorganize the CR and secondary prevention services. Recently, the working group on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation of the Dutch Society of Cardiology formulated practical recommendations for CR during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which the main proposals were shortening of CR programs, selection of the main components of exercises, initial thorough examination of the patient, post-COVID assessment of general condition and well-being, and compliance with all hygiene standards [17]. According to the recommendations of the Canadian Society of Rehabilitation, the use of modular CR programs based on physical training is justified and applicable even with tele-rehabilitation regimens that are also described in Japanese studies [36, 37].

Exercise can be an important way to rehabilitate patients with COVID-19. Exercise directly improves lung function and boosts immunity by correcting cytokine imbalances in the body. In addition, it reduces intracellular and extracellular oxidative stress. Another benefit of exercise is the regulation of gut flora homeostasis [38]. We offer a modular CR system that takes into account not only physical exercise, but also a medical approach with psychological exercises and physiotherapeutic procedures that, according to the results, showed treatment satisfaction among patients, as well as an increase in the duration of training (min. 216, max. 1789 sec). It is vital to consider the impact of CR on patients with COVID-19 in a comprehensive manner, and appropriate measures can reduce complications due to COVID-19 and provide a quick return to normal life. Future research will focus on specific types and methods of exercise for different exercise regimens.

With the recent success of COVID-19 vaccines, the burden of coronavirus will decrease, but a significant number of patients with persistent symptoms are likely to remain even months after exposure to COVID-19. As the medical community gains a better understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and its cardiovascular manifestations in the coming years, we hope to expand our ability to identify those at increased risk for these complications and discover effective strategies for prevention and treatment of this syndrome.

We did not assess the relationship of Qol and ET with severity, or outcomes of patients rehospitalization after a modular CR program in the emergency cardiology department; we also did not describe re-PCI rates, adequate medication influences, and arrhythmia disturbances.

Conclusions

The modular CR program improves exercise capacity and quality of life with AMI and COVID-19 similar to patients without COVID. COVID patients should subsequently undergo rehabilitation.

Patents

Type of copyright object: work of science (medicine) (Kazakhstan’s National certification). Object name: Cardiorehabilitation program for patients after myocardial infarction, coronary artery stenting, pacemaker and/or ICD implantation, open heart surgery. 28.05.2020 – Nr 10345.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.

References

1 

Savarese G, Lund LH. Global Public Health Burden of Heart Failure. Card Fail Rev 2017; 3: 7-11.

2 

Dendale P, Scherrenberg M, Sivakova O, Frederix I. Prevention: from the cradle to the grave and beyond. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26: 507-511.

3 

Dalal HM, Doherty P, Taylor R S. Cardiac rehabilitation. BMJ 2015; 351: h5000.

4 

Ambrosetti M, Abreu A, Corrà U, Davos CH, Hansen D, Frederix I, Iliou MC, Pedretti RF, Schmid JP, Vigorito C, Voller H, Wilhelm M, Piepoli MF, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Berger T, Cohen-Solal A, Cornelissen V, Dendale P, Doehner W, Gaita D, Gevaert AB, Kemps H, Kraenkel N, Laukkanen J, Mendes M, Niebauer J, Simonenko M, Olsen Zwisler AD. Secondary prevention through comprehensive cardiovascular rehabilitation: From knowledge to implementation. 2020 update. A position paper from the Secondary Prevention and Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020. DOI: 10.1177/2047487320913379.

5 

Ghisi GLM, Xu Z, Liu X, Mola A, Gallagher R, Babu AS, Yeung C, Marzolini S, Buckley J, Oh P, Contractor A, Grace SL. Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac rehabilitation delivery around the world. Glob Heart 2021; 16: 43.

6 

Scherrenberg M, Falter M, Dendale P. Providing comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28: 520-521.

7 

Schlitt A, Bestehorn K, Schwaab B. Situation der kardiologischen Rehabilitation im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland–eine Blitzumfrage der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rehabilitation und Prävention von Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen (DGPR) zur aktuellen Situation (August 2020). Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen 2021; 164: 11-14.

8 

Ogura A, Izawa KP, Tawa H, Kureha F, Wada M, Harada N, Ikeda Y, Kimura K, Kondo N, Kanai M, Kubo I, Yoshikawa R, Matsuda Y. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation patients in Japan. Heart Vessels 2021; 36: 1184-1189.

9 

Besnier F, Gayda M, Nigam A, Juneau M, Bherer L. Cardiac rehabilitation during quarantine in COVID-19 pandemic: challenges for center-based programs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 101: 1835-1838.

10 

Bansal M. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14: 247-250.

11 

Capaccione KM, Leb JS, D’souza B, Utukuri P, Salvatore MM. Acute myocardial infarction secondary to COVID-19 infection: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Imaging 2021; 72: 178-182.

12 

Rey JR, Valero SJ, Pinedo DP, Merino JL, López-Sendón JL, Caro-Codón J. COVID-19 y trombosis simultánea en dos arterias coronarias. Rev Esp Cardiol 2020; 73: 676.

13 

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020; 323: 1061-1069.

14 

Mahmud E, Dauerman HL, Welt FGP, Messenger JC, Rao SV, Grines C, Mattu A, Kirtane AJ, Jauhar R, Meraj P, Rokos IC, Rumsfeld JS, Henry TD. Management of acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: a position statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP). J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76: 1375-1384.

15 

Barach P, Fisher SD, Adams MJ, Burstein GR, Brophy PD, Kuo DZ, Lipshultz SE. Disruption of healthcare: will the COVID pandemic worsen non-COVID outcomes and disease outbreaks? Prog Pediatr Cardiol 2020; 59: 101254.

16 

Scherrenberg M, Wilhelm M, Hansen D, Völler H, Cornelissen V, Frederix I, Kemps H, Dendale P. The future is now: a call for action for cardiac telerehabilitation in the COVID-19 pandemic from the secondary prevention and rehabilitation section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28: 524-540.

17 

Kemps HMC, Brouwers RWM, Cramer MJ, Jorstad HT, de Kluiver EP, Kraaijenhagen RA, Kuijpers PMJC, van der Linde MR, de Melker E, Rodrigo SF, Spee RF, Sunamura M, Vromen T, Wittekoek ME, Committee for Cardiovascular Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology. Recommendations on how to provide cardiac rehabilitation services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Neth Heart J 2020; 28: 387-390.

18 

Li K, Fang Y, Li W, Pan C, Qin P, Zhong Y, Liu X, Huang M, Liao Y, Li S. CT image visual quantitative evaluation and clinical classification of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Eur Radiol 2020; 30: 4407-4416.

19 

Borg G. Borg’s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales. Human Kinetics 1998.

20 

Karvonen MJ. The effects of training on heart rate: a longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 1957; 35: 307-315.

21 

Spertus JA, Winder JA, Dewhurst TA, Deyo RA, Prodzinski J, McDonell M, Fihn SD. Development and evaluation of the Seattle Angina Questionnaire: a new functional status measure for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 333-341.

22 

ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 111-117.

23 

Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR, Tudor-Locke C, Greer JL, Vezina J, Whitt-Glover MC, Leon AS. 2011 Compendium of physical activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 1575-1581.

24 

Buttar KK, Saboo N, Kacker S. A review: maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and its estimation methods. IJPESH 2019; 6: 24-32.

25 

Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, Kang L, Guo L, Liu M, Zhou X, Luo J, Huang Z, Tu S, Zhao Y, Chen L, Xu D, Li Y, Li C, Peng L, Li Y, Xie W, Cui D, Shang L, Fan G, Xu J, Wang G, Wang Y, Zhong J, Wang C, Wang J, Zhang D, Cao B. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397: 220-232.

26 

Chopra V, Flanders SA, O’Malley M, Malani AN, Prescott HC. Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174: 576-578.

27 

Carfì A, Bernabei R, Landi F, Group GAC-P-ACS. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 324: 603-605.

28 

Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Milne A, Morley AJ, Viner J, Attwood M, Noel A, Gunning S, Hatrick J, Hamilton S, Elvers KT, Hyams C, Bibby A, Moran Ed, Adamali HI, Dodd JW, Maskell NA, Barratt SL. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax 2021; 76: 399-401.

29 

Anderson L, Thompson DR, Oldridge N, Zwisler AD, Rees K, Martin N, Taylor RS. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 1: CD001800.

30 

O’Doherty AF, Humphreys H, Dawkes S, Cowie A, Hinton S, Brubaker PH, Butler T, Nichols S. How has technology been used to deliver cardiac rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic? An international cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals conducted by the BACPR. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e046051.

31 

Bangalore S, Sharma A, Slotwiner A, Yatskar L, Harari R, Shah B, Ibrahim H, Friedman GH, Thompson C, Alviar CL, Chadow HL, Fishman GI, Harmony R, Keller N, Hochman JS. ST-segment elevation in patients with Covid-19 – a case series. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 2478-2480.

32 

Solano-López J, Zamorano JL, Pardo Sanz A, Amat-Santos I, Sarnago F, Gutiérrez Ibańes E, Sanchis J, Rey Blas JR, Gómez-Hospital JA, Santos Martínez S, Maneiro-Melón NM, Gaitán RM, D’Gregorio JG, Salido L, Mestre JL, Sanmartín M, Sánchez-Recalde Á. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 outbreak. Rev Esp Cardiol 2020; 73: 985-993.

33 

Hendren NS, Drazner MH, Bozkurt B, Cooper LT. Description and proposed management of the acute COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome. Circulation 2020; 141: 1903-1914.

34 

Wang YD, Zhang SP, Wei QZ, Zhao MM, Mei H, Zhang ZL, Hu Y. COVID-19 complicated with DIC: 2 cases report and literatures review. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2020; 41: 245-247.

35 

Joshibayev S, Bolatbekov B. Early and long-term outcomes and quality of life after concomitant mitral valve surgery, left atrial size reduction, and radiofrequency surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Anatol J Cardiol 2016; 16: 797-803.

36 

Marzolini S, de Melo Ghisi GL, Hébert AA, Ahden S, Oh P. Cardiac rehabilitation in Canada during COVID-19. CJC Open 2021; 3: 152-158.

37 

Bo W, Xi Y, Tian Z. The role of exercise in rehabilitation of discharged COVID-19 patients. Sports Med Health Sci 2021; 3: 194-201.

38 

Dixit NM, Churchill A, Nsair A, Hsu JJ. Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome and the cardiovascular system: what is known? Am Heart J Plus 2021; 5: 100025.

Copyright: © 2022 Polish Society of Cardiothoracic Surgeons (Polskie Towarzystwo KardioTorakochirurgów) and the editors of the Polish Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (Kardiochirurgia i Torakochirurgia Polska). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
 
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.