1. Scherbakov N, Bauer M, Sandek A, et al. Insulin resistance in heart failure: differences between patients with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 17: 1015-21.
2.
Jasińska-Gniadzik K, Szwed P, Gasecka A, et al. Haemodynamic monitoring in acute heart failure - what you need to know. Adv Interv Cardiol 2022; 18: 90-100.
3.
Liao Y, Zhang R, Shi S, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index linked to all-cause mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort of 3026 patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21: 128.
4.
Du T, Yuan G, Zhang M, et al. Clinical usefulness of lipid ratios, visceral adiposity indicators, and the triglycerides and glucose index as risk markers of insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13: 146.
5.
Irace C, Carallo C, Scavelli FB, et al. Markers of insulin resistance and carotid atherosclerosis. A comparison of the homeostasis model assessment and triglyceride glucose index. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67: 665-72.
6.
Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendía LE, González-Ortiz M, et al. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 3347-51.
7.
Cheng H, Huang W, Huang X, et al. The triglyceride glucose index predicts short-term mortality in non-diabetic patients with acute heart failure. Adv Clin Exp Med 2024; 33: 103-10.
8.
Banović M, Vasiljević-Pokrajcić Z, Vijisić-Tesić B, et al. Are de novo acute heart failure and acutely worsened chronic heart failure two subgroups of the same syndrome ? Srp Arh Celok Lek 2010; 138: 162-9.
9.
Raffaello WM, Henrina J, Huang I, et al. Clinical characteristics of de novo heart failure and acute decompensated chronic heart failure: are they distinctive phenotypes that contribute to different outcomes? Card Fail Rev 2021; 7: e02.
10.
Younis A, Mulla W, Goldkorn R, et al. Differences in mortality of new-onset (de-novo) acute heart failure versus acute decompensated chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2019; 124: 554-9.
11.
Pranata R, Tondas AE, Yonas E, et al. Differences in clinical characteristics and outcome of de novo heart failure compared to acutely decompensated chronic heart failure – systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Cardiol 2021; 76: 410-20.
12.
Zucker IH, Xiao L, Haack KK. The central renin-angiotensin system and sympathetic nerve activity in chronic heart failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126: 695-706.
13.
Zhang DY, Anderson AS. The sympathetic nervous system and heart failure. Cardiol Clin 2014; 32: 33-vii.
14.
Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, et al. Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 2006; 113: 1888-904.
15.
Zhang J, Gao Z, Yin J, et al. S6K directly phosphorylates IRS-1 on Ser-270 to promote insulin resistance in response to TNF-(alpha) signaling through IKK2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 35375-82.
16.
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2021; 42: 3599-726.
17.
Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 604-12.
18.
Lee DS, Austin PC, Rouleau JL, et al. Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: derivation and validation of a clinical model. JAMA 2003; 290: 2581-7.
19.
Hanley AJ, Williams K, Stern MP, et al. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1177-84.
20.
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, et al. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17: 122.
21.
Laakso M, Kuusisto J. Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in cardiovascular disease development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10: 293-302.
22.
Vlachopoulos C, Dima I, Aznaouridis K, et al. Acute systemic inflammation increases arterial stiffness and decreases wave reflections in healthy individuals. Circulation 2005; 112: 2193-200.
23.
Fukushima A, Kinugawa S, Takada S, et al. Direct renin inhibitor ameliorates insulin resistance by improving insulin signaling and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle from post-infarct heart failure in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 779: 147-56.
24.
Scherbakov N, Bauer M, Sandek A, et al. Insulin resistance in heart failure: differences between patients with reduced and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2015; 17: 1015-21.
25.
Paolillo S, Rengo G, Pellegrino T, et al. Insulin resistance is associated with impaired cardiac sympathetic innervation in patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 16: 1148-53.
26.
Liu XC, He GD, Lo K, et al. The triglyceride-glucose index, an insulin resistance marker, was non-linear associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the general population. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7: 628109.
27.
Carlson GL. Insulin resistance and glucose-induced thermogenesis in critical illness. Proc Nutr Soc 2001; 60: 381-8.
28.
Presterl E, Staudinger T, Pettermann M, et al. Cytokine profile and correlation to the APACHE III and MPM II scores in patients with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 825-32.
29.
van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1359-67.
30.
Dufour S, Lebon V, Shulman GI, et al. Regulation of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis by epinephrine in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 297: E231-5.
31.
Huang R, Wang Z, Chen J, et al. Prognostic value of triglyceride glucose (TyG) index in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21: 88.
32.
Lassus JP, Siirilä-Waris K, Nieminen MS, et al. Long-term survival after hospitalization for acute heart failure--differences in prognosis of acutely decompensated chronic and new-onset acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168: 458-62.
33.
Butt JH, Fosbøl EL, Gerds TA, et al. Readmission and death in patients admitted with new-onset versus worsening of chronic heart failure: insights from a nationwide cohort. Eur J Heart Fail 2020; 22: 1777-85.
34.
Greene SJ, Triana TS, Ionescu-Ittu R, et al. Patients hospitalized for de novo versus worsening chronic heart failure in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77: 1023-5.
35.
O’Connor CM, Stough WG, Gallup DS, et al. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: observations from the IMPACT-HF registry. J Card Fail 2005; 11: 200-5.
36.
Kurmani S, Squire I. Acute heart failure: definition, classification and epidemiology. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2017; 14: 385-92.
37.
Kim SE, Cho DH, Son JW, et al. Impact of NT-proBNP on prognosis of acute decompensated chronic heart failure versus de novo heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2022; 363: 163-70.
38.
Xanthopoulos A, Butler J, Parissis J, et al. Acutely decompensated versus acute heart failure: two different entities. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 25: 907-16.
