Vascular diseases are common medical conditions but are often incorrectly diagnosed and therefore unsuccessfully treated. A broad knowledge of this area of medicine is essential in everyday medical practice, especially for primary care physicians. The article presents the most common vascular pathologies, i.e. chronic venous insufficiency, chronic lower limb ischaemia, carotid artery stenosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. It discusses the pathophysiology, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that should be implemented by the family doctor.