Treatment update for autoimmune/immune-mediated central nervous system diseases

Jiayi Wu; Xuewei Li; Jun Peng; Wan Fu; Shuangxi Chen; Heng Wu

doi:10.5114/fn.2025.149473

eISSN: 1509-572x
ISSN: 1641-4640

Folia Neuropathologica

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1/2025
vol. 63

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abstract:

Review paper

Treatment update for autoimmune/immune-mediated central nervous system diseases

Jiayi Wu

^{1, 2}

,

Xuewei Li

^{1, 2}

,

Jun Peng

^{1, 2}

,

Wan Fu

^{1, 2}

,

Shuangxi Chen

^{1, 2}

,

Heng Wu

^{1, 2}

Department of Neurology, Multi-Omics Research Center for Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, 421000 Hengyang, Hunan, China
Clinical Research Center for Immune-Related Encephalopathy of Hunan Province (The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China), 421000 Hengyang, Hunan, China

Folia Neuropathol 2025; 63 (1): 19-29

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/fn.2025.149473

Online publish date: 2025/04/16

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Autoimmune/immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) diseases are chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and autoimmune encephalitis (AE). A common pathological feature of these diseases is the targeting of the host’s immune system against autoantigens expressed by the CNS. In recent years, immunomodulatory therapeutic drugs and methods with different targets have emerged. Therefore, obtaining a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the characteristics, adverse reactions and indications of existing therapeutic drugs is essential to develop individualized therapies based on each patient’s characteristics, delay the progression of disorders and enhance the life quality of these patients. Although MS, NMOSD, and AE are all associated with immune inflammation, there are considerable differences in clinical treatment. Certain drugs may be approved for only one of these diseases, while other drugs may be suitable for all three. This review systematically describes the characteristics and scope of application of various drugs, including potential drugs under development, as well as non-drug therapeutic approaches.

keywords:

multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optic spectrum disease, autoimmune encephalitis

EVENTS

Treatment update for autoimmune/immune-mediated central nervous system diseases

Jiayi Wu 1, 2 , Xuewei Li 1, 2 , Jun Peng 1, 2 , Wan Fu 1, 2 , Shuangxi Chen 1, 2 , Heng Wu 1, 2

multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optic spectrum disease, autoimmune encephalitis

Jiayi Wu

^{1, 2}

,

Xuewei Li

^{1, 2}

,

Jun Peng

^{1, 2}

,

Wan Fu

^{1, 2}

,

Shuangxi Chen

^{1, 2}

,

Heng Wu

^{1, 2}