Comprehensive multivariate insights into external training load in women’s football: four session clusters to optimize weekly periodization

This study aimed to analyse the external load demands placed on female football players during training sessions and matches across different competition levels. Twelve external load metrics were monitored in 58 players from professional (n=19, PRO), reserve (n=18, RES), and under-17 (n=21, U17) teams across 251 training sessions and 85 matches. Data were collected with GPS devices and analysed using principal component analysis (PCA, Varimax rotation) and K-means clustering (K = 4). PCA grouped the metrics into three components: high-speed movements, volume (e.g., duration, total distance, acceleration load, decelerations > 3 m · s⁻²), and speed-change variables (accelerations and decelerations). Together, these three components explained approximately 90% of the total variance. Cluster analysis identified four session types: (1) low-demand sessions (introductory, pre-match, and discontinuous training), (2) high-speed but moderatedemand sessions (compensatory and extensive training), (3) highest-demand sessions (official matches), and (4) high-neuromuscular-demand sessions (intensive training). Clusters 2 and 3 showed the most significant differences in variables such as high-speed distances and maximum speed, highlighting distinct physical demands. Except for the U17 team in intensive sessions and matches and PRO in discontinuous sessions, all teams distributed their sessions in nearly consistent patterns across clusters. The study underscores the importance of integrating external load variables to profile training demands and demonstrates the value of cluster analysis for optimizing training planning and periodization. Practically, the four clusters provide simple guidelines for coaches to balance speed, volume, and neuromuscular demands within weekly training.