Biology of Sport
eISSN: 2083-1862
ISSN: 0860-021X
Biology of Sport
Current Issue Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Archive Ethical standards and procedures Contact Instructions for authors Journal's Reviewers Special Information
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
Search
Editorial Policies
Sarajevo Declaration on Integrity and Visibility of Scholarly Publications

Open access

without publication fees
Share:
Send email
Share:
Original paper

Effect of plyometric training based on the integral reactive strength index of national-level jumpers and sprinters. A randomized crossover trial

Raynier Montoro-Bombú
1, 2, 3
,
Hugo Sarmento
1, 2
,
Armando Costa
3
,
Valter Pinheiro
3, 4
,
Paulo Malico Sousa
3, 4
,
Carlo Buzzichelli
5
,
Luis Rama
1, 2

  1. University of Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3040-256 Coimbra, Portugal
  2. CIPER, University of Lisbon, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal
  3. ISCE—Polytechnic University of Lisbon and Tagus Valey, Department of Sport Sciences, 2620-379 Lisbon, Portugal
  4. Live Quatity Research Center (LQRC), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado 279, 2001-904, Santarém, Portugal
  5. University of Sport Sciences (UCCFD). Manuel Fajardo, 10600, Havana, Cuba
Biol Sport. 2026; 43: 127–138
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2026.152351
Online publish date: 2025/08/06
Article file
- 11_04717_Article.pdf  [0.86 MB]
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. González-Badillo JJ, Ribas J. Bases de la programación del entrenamiento de fuerza. BARCELONA2002.
2. Kossow AJ, Ebben WP. Kinetic Analysis of Horizontal Plyometric Exercise Intensity. J Strength Cond Res. 2018; 32(5):1222–9.
3. Montoro-Bombu R, Miranda-Oliveira P, Valamatos M, João F, Buurke B, Santos A, et al. Spatiotemporal variables comparison between drop jump and horizontal drop jump in elite jumpers and sprinters. PeerJ. 2024; 6:e5937. Epub 2024/01/28. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5937.
4. Asmussen E, Bonde-Petersen F. Storage of elastic energy in skeletal muscles in man. Acta Physiol Scand. 1974; 91(3):385–92. Epub 1974/07/01. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1974. tb05693.x.
5. Young WB. Transfer of Strength and Power Training to Sports Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2006; 1(2):74–83. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.1.2.74.
6. Zatsiorsky VM, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC. Science and Practice of Strength Training. Third Edition ed: Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2021.
7. Di Giminiani R, Giovannelli A, Capuano L, Izzicupo P, Di Blasio A, Masedu F. Neuromuscular Strategies in Stretch-Shortening Exercises with Increasing Drop Heights: The Role of Muscle Coactivation in Leg Stiffness and Power Propulsion. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(22). doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228647.
8. Duda M. Plyometrics: A Legitimate Form of Power Training? Phys Sports med. 1988; 16(3):212–8. Epub 1988/03/01. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1988.11709466.
9. Ebben WP. Practical Guidelines for Plyometric Intensity. Performance Training Journal. 2007; 6(5):12–6.
10. Silva AF, Clemente FM, Lima R, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. The Effect of Plyometric Training in Volleyball Players: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(16). Epub 2019/08/21. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16162960.
11. Ramirez-Campillo R, Moran J, Chaabene H, Granacher U, Behm DG, García-Hermoso A, et al. Methodological characteristics and future directions for plyometric jump training research: A scoping review update. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020; 30(6):983–97. Epub 2020/02/09. doi: 10.1111/sms.13633.
12. Meylan C, McMaster T, Cronin J, Mohammad NI, Rogers C, Deklerk M. Single-leg lateral, horizontal, and vertical jump assessment: reliability, interrelationships, and ability to predict sprint and change-of-direction performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(4):1140–7. Epub 2009/06/17. doi: 10.1519/JSC .0b013e318190f9c2.
13. Bianchi M, Coratella G, Dello Iacono A, Beato M. Comparative effects of single vs. double weekly plyometric training sessions on jump, sprint and change of directions abilities of elite youth football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019; 59(6):910–5. Epub 2018/08/31. doi: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08804- 7. PubMed PMID: 30160086.
14. Chelly MS, Ghenem MA, Abid K, Hermassi S, Tabka Z, Shephard RJ. Effects of in-season short-term plyometric training program on leg power, jump- and sprint performance of soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(10):2670–6. Epub 2010/09/17. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e2728f.
15. Falch HN, Haugen ME, Kristiansen EL, van den Tillaar R. Effect of Strength vs. Plyometric Training upon Change of Direction Performance in Young Female Handball Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(11). doi: 10.3390/ijerph19116946.
16. Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Hughes MG, Williams CA. The effects of 4-weeks of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness in male youths. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26(10):2812–9. doi: 10.1519/JSC .0b013e318242d2ec.
17. Dallas GC, Pappas P, Ntallas CG, Paradisis GP, Exell TA. The effect of four weeks of plyometric training on reactive strength index and leg stiffness is sport dependent. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020; 60(7):979–84. Epub 2020/07/01. doi: 10.23736/s0022 -4707.20.10384-0.
18. Sedano S, Vaeyens R, Philippaerts RM, Redondo JC, de Benito AM, Cuadrado G. Effects of lower-limb plyometric training on body composition, explosive strength, and kicking speed in female soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2009; 23(6):1714–22. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0b013e3181b3f537.
19. Ramírez-Campillo R, Andrade DC, Izquierdo M. Effects of plyometric training volume and training surface on explosive strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; 27(10):2714–22. Epub 2012/12/21. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318280c9e9.
20. Ahmadi M, Nobari H, Ramirez-Campillo R, Perez-Gomez J, Ribeiro ALD, Martinez-Rodriguez A. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training in Sand or Rigid Surface on Jump-Related Biomechanical Variables and Physical Fitness in Female Volleyball Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(24). doi: 10.3390/ijerph 182413093.
21. Bogdanis GC, Tsoukos A, Kaloheri O, Terzis G, Veligekas P, Brown LE. Comparison Between Unilateral and Bilateral Plyometric Training on Single and Double-Leg Jumping Performance and Strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(3):633–40. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001962.
22. Jeffreys MA, De Ste Croix MBA, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Hughes JD. The Effect of Varying Plyometric Volume on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Capability in Collegiate Male Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(1):139–45. Epub 2017/04/04. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001907.
23. Sanchez-Sixto A, Harrison AJ, Floria P. Effects of Plyometric vs. Combined Plyometric Training on Vertical Jump Biomechanics in Female Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet. 2021; 77(1):25–35. doi: 10.2478/hukin -2021-0009.
24. Montoro-Bombú R, Sarmento H, Buzzichelli C, Moura NA, Gonzáles Badillo JJ, Santos A, et al. Methodological considerations for determining the volume and intensity of drop jump training. A systematic, critical and prepositive review. Front Physiol. 2023; 14.
25. Montoro-Bombú R, Sarmento H, Elferink-Gemser MT, Costa A, Malico Sousa P, Rama L. The Integral Reactive Strength Index: An Accurate Measurement for Evaluating Drop Jump Performance in Sprinter Athletes. Appl Sci. 2024; 14(12):4964. PubMed PMID: doi:10.3390/app14124964.
26. Flanagan EP, Comyns TM. The Use of Contact Time and the Reactive Strength Index to Optimize Fast Stretch-Shortening Cycle Training. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 30(5):32–8. doi: 10.1519/SSC .0b013e318187e25b.
27. Chelly MS, Hermassi S, Aouadi R, Shephard RJ. Effects of 8-week in-season plyometric training on upper and lower limb performance of elite adolescent handball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(5):1401–10. Epub 2013/10/24. doi: 10.1519/jsc .0000000000000279.
28. Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009; 41(1):3–12. doi: 10.1249 /MSS.0b013e31818cb278.
29. Dello Iacono A, Martone D, Milic M, Padulo J. Vertical- vs. Horizontal-Oriented Drop Jump Training: Chronic Effects on Explosive Performances of Elite Handball Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2017; 31(4):921–31. Epub 2016/07/12. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001555.
30. Mackala K, Fostiak M. Acute Effects of Plyometric Intervention—Performance Improvement and Related Changes in Sprinting Gait Variability. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(7).
31. Lockie RG, Murphy AJ, Callaghan SJ, Jeffriess MD. Effects of Sprint and Plyometrics Training on Field Sport Acceleration Technique. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(7).
32. Loturco I, Pereira LA, Kobal R, Zanetti V, Kitamura K, Abad CCC, et al. Transference effect of vertical and horizontal plyometrics on sprint performance of high-level U-20 soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2015; 33(20):2182–91. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1081394.
33. Ramírez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, Henríquez-Olguín C, Baez EB, Martínez C, Andrade DC, et al. Effects of plyometric training on endurance and explosive strength performance in competitive middle- and long-distance runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(1):97–104. Epub 2013/07/11. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a1f44c.
34. Santello M. Review of motor control mechanisms underlying impact absorption from falls. Gait Posture. 2005; 21(1):85–94. Epub 2004/11/13. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.01.005.
35. Markovic G, Mikulic P. Neuro musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med. 2010; 40(10):859–95. Epub 2010/09/15. doi: 10.2165/11318370-000000000 -00000.
36. Luebbers PE, Potteiger JA, Hulver MW, Thyfault JP, Carper MJ, Lockwood RH. Effects of plyometric training and recovery on vertical jump performance and anaerobic power. J Strength Cond Res. 2003; 17(4):704–9. Epub 2003/11/26. doi: 10.1519/1533-4287 (2003)017 2.0.co; 2.
37. Ahmadabadi S, Rjabi H, Gharakhanlou R, Talebian S, Basereh A. Effects of a 4-week plyometric training on activity patterns during different phases of one-leg drop jump with focus on jump height. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1):9192. Epub 2023/06/07. doi: 10.1038 /s41598-023-36461-1.
38. Markovic G, Jukic I, Milanovic D, Metikos D. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2007; 21(2):543–9. Epub 2007/05/29. doi: 10.1519/r-19535.1.
39. Engeroff T, Kalo K, Merrifield R, Groneberg D, Wilke J. Progressive daily hopping exercise improves running economy in amateur runners: a randomized and controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1):4167. Epub 2023/03/15. doi: 10.1038 /s41598-023-30798-3.
40. Lum D, Comfort P, Barbosa TM, Balasekaran G. Comparing the effects of plyometric and isometric strength training on dynamic and isometric force-time characteristics. Biol Sport. 2022; 39(1):189–97. doi: 10.5114 /biolsport.2022.103575.
41. Bobbert MF, Huijing PA, van Ingen Schenau GJ. Drop jumping. I. The influence of jumping technique on the biomechanics of jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987; 19(4):332–8. Epub 1987/08/01.
42. de Villarreal ESS, Gonzalez-Badillo JJ, Izquierdo M. Low and moderate plyometric training frequency produces greater jumping and sprinting gains compared with high frequency. J Strength Cond Res. 2008; 22(3):715–25. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318163eade.
43. Terzis G, Spengos K, Methenitis S, Aagaard P, Karandreas N, Bogdanis G. Early phase interference between low-intensity running and power training in moderately trained females. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016; 116(5):1063–73. Epub 2016/04/05. doi: 10.1007 /s00421-016-3369-z.
44. Taher AV, Pavlovic R, Ahanjan S, Skrypchenko I, Joksimovic M. Effects of vertical and horizontal plyometric exercises on explosive capacity and kinetic variables in professional long jump athletes. Ped Phy Cul Sports. 2021; 25(2):108–13. doi: 10.15561/26649837.2021.0205. PubMed PMID: WOS:00060844100 0005.
45. Mero A. Force-Time Characteristics and Running Velocity of Male Sprinters during the Acceleration Phase of Sprinting. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1988; 59(2):94–8. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1988.10605484.
46. Mero A, Komi PV, Gregor RJ. Biomechanics of sprint running. A review. Sports Med. 1992; 13(6):376–92. Epub 1992/06/01. doi: 10.2165/00007256 -199213060-00002.
47. Lockie RG, Murphy AJ, Knight TJ, Janse de Jonge XA. Factors that differentiate acceleration ability in field sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(10):2704–14. Epub 2011/09/01. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820d9f17.
48. Lockie RG, Murphy AJ, Schultz AB, Knight TJ, Janse de Jonge XA. The effects of different speed training protocols on sprint acceleration kinematics and muscle strength and power in field sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2012; 26(6):1539–50. Epub 2011/09/14. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318234e8a0.
49. Hudgins B, Scharfenberg J, Triplett NT, McBride JM. Relationship Between Jumping Ability and Running Performance in Events of Varying Distance. J Strength Cond Res. 2013; 27(3):563–7. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0b013e31827e136f.
50. Hunter JP, Marshall RN, McNair PJ. Interaction of step length and step rate during sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36(2):261–71. Epub 2004/02/10. doi: 10.1249/01. Mss.0000113664.15777.53.
51. Salo Ait, Bezodis IN, Batterham AM, Kerwin DG. Elite Sprinting: Are Athletes Individually Step-Frequency or Step-Length Reliant? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(6):1055–62. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318201f6f8.
52. Mackala K, Rauter S, Zawartka M, Coh M, Vodicar J. The Relationship between Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Jumps and Their Influence on Speed Abilities: Gender Consideration. Symmetry-Basel. 2021; 13(4). doi: ARTN 69410.3390/sym13040694.
53. Young W. PLYOMETRICS: Sprint bounding and the sprint bound index. Strength Cond J. 1992; 14(4).
54. Mero A, Komi PV. EMG, force, and power analysis of sprint-specific strength exercises. J Appl Biomech. 1994; 10(1):1–13.
55. de Villarreal ES, Kellis E, Kraemer WJ, Izquierdo M. Determining variables of plyometric training for improving vertical jump height performance: a meta analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(2):495–506. Epub 2009/02/07. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e318196b7c6.
56. Beckham GK, Suchomel TJ, Sole CJ, Bailey CA, Grazer JL, Kim SB, et al. Influence of Sex and Maximum Strength on Reactive Strength Index-Modified. J Sports Sci Med. 2019; 18(1):65–72. Epub 20190211.
Copyright: Institute of Sport. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
  
Termedia
About us Contact
Copyright notice Privacy policy Advertising policy Contact us
Quick links
Journals Books eBooks Events
© 2025 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.