Biology of Sport
eISSN: 2083-1862
ISSN: 0860-021X
Biology of Sport
Current Issue Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Archive Ethical standards and procedures Contact Instructions for authors Journal's Reviewers Special Information
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
Search
Editorial Policies
Sarajevo Declaration on Integrity and Visibility of Scholarly Publications

Open access

without publication fees
Share:
Send email
Share:
Original paper

Effects of unilateral and bilateral training on performance in team sports athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bitai Wu
1
,
Mingyue Yin
2
,
Zhiquan Song
3
,
Meiling Tao
1
,
Kai Xu
1
,
George P. Nassis
4
,
Chris Bishop
5
,
Olivier Girard
6

  1. School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, Hunan, China
  2. School of Coaching, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
  3. School of Physical Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
  4. College of Sport Science, University of Kalba, Sharjah 89841, United Arab Emirates
  5. School of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
  6. School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
Biol Sport. 2026;43:1019–1049
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2026.159564
Online publish date: 2026/03/16
Article file
- 77_05394_Article.pdf  [7.84 MB]
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Ostojić SM, Mazić S, Dikić N. Profiling in basketball: physical and physiological characteristics of elite players. J Strength Cond Res. 2006; 20(4):740–744. doi: 10.1519/R-15944.1.
2. Stølen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, et al. Physiology of soccer: an update. Sports Med. 2005; 35(6):501–536. doi: 10 .2165/00007256-200535060-00004.
3. Gabbett TJ. Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of amateur rugby league players. Br J Sports Med. 2000; 34(4):303–307. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.34.4.303.
4. Duncan MJ, Woodfield L, Al-Nakeeb Y. Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of junior elite volleyball players. Br J Sports Med. 2006; 40(7):649–651; discussion 651. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.021998.
5. Townsend JR, Bender D, Vantrease WC, et al. Isometric midthigh pull performance is associated with athletic performance and sprinting kinetics in division I men and women’s basketball players. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(10):2665. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000002165.
6. De Hoyo M, Sañudo B, Carrasco L, et al. Effects of traditional versus horizontal inertial flywheel power training on common sport-related tasks. J Hum Kinet. 2015; 47:155–167. doi: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0071.
7. Spiteri T, Nimphius S, Hart NH, et al. Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(9):2415–2423. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000000547.
8. Maloney SJ. The relationship between asymmetry and athletic performance: a critical review. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(9):2579–2593. doi: 10 .1519/JSC.0000000000002608.
9. Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Bishop C, Buscà B, et al. Inter-limb asymmetries are associated with decrements in physical performance in youth elite team sports athletes. PLoS One. 2020; 15(3):e0229440. doi: 10.1371 /journal.pone.0229440.
10. Helme M, Tee J, Emmonds S, et al. Does lower-limb asymmetry increase injury risk in sport? A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2021; 49:204–213. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.03.001.
11. Lin YG, Ye WB. Effects of unilateral training on lower extremity power and its neural mechanisms: a review. Chin J Sports Med. 2022; 41(5):383–397. doi: 10.16038/j.1000-6710.2022 .05.002.
12. Stone MH, Stone M, Sands WA. Principles and practice of resistance training. 1st ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2007. doi: 10.5040 /9781492596875.
13. Appleby BB, Cormack SJ, Newton RU. Specificity and transfer of lower-body strength: influence of bilateral or unilateral lower-body resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(2):318–326. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000002923.
14. Makaruk H, Winchester JB, Sadowski J, et al. Effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on power and jumping ability in women. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(12):3311–3318. doi: 10 .1519/JSC.0b013e318215fa33.
15. Jones MT, Ambegaonkar JP, Nindl BC, et al. Effects of unilateral and bilateral lower-body heavy resistance exercise on muscle activity and testosterone responses. J Strength Cond Res. 2012; 26(4):1094–1100. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0b013e318248ab3b.
16. Hendy AM, Spittle M, Kidgell DJ. Cross education and immobilisation: mechanisms and implications for injury rehabilitation. J Sci Med Sport. 2012; 15(2):94–101. doi: 10.1016 /j.jsams.2011.07.007.
17. Wang Y. The effect of various strength training on bilateral force deficit of lower limb. Beijing: Beijing Sport University; 2016.
18. Henry FM, Smith LE. Simultaneous vs. separate bilateral muscular contractions in relation to neural overflow theory and neuromoter specificity. Res Q Am Assoc Health Phys Educ Recre. 1961; 32(1):42–46. doi: 10.1080/1067 1188.1961.10762069.
19. McCurdy K, O’Kelley E, Kutz M, et al. Comparison of lower extremity emg between the 2-leg squat and modified single-leg squat in female athletes. J Sport Rehabil. 2010; 19(1):57–70. doi: 10.1123/jsr.19.1.57.
20. Ramírez-Campillo R, Burgos CH, Henríquez-Olguín C, et al. Effect of unilateral, bilateral, and combined plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance of young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(5):1317–1328. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000000762.
21. Gonzalo-Skok O, Tous-Fajardo J, Suárez-Arrones L, et al. Single-leg power output and between-limbs imbalances in team-sport players: unilateral versus bilateral combined resistance training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017; 12(1):106–114. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2015-0743.
22. Bogdanis GC, Tsoukos A, Kaloheri O, et al. Comparison between unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on single- and double-leg jumping performance and strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(3):633–640. doi: 10.1519/JSC.00000000 00001962.
23. Zhang W, Chen X, Xu K, et al. Effect of unilateral training and bilateral training on physical performance: a meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2023; 14:1128250. doi: 10.3389 /fphys.2023.1128250.
24. Manca A, Hortobágyi T, Rothwell J, et al. Neurophysiological adaptations in the untrained side in conjunction with cross-education of muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018; 124(6):1502–1518. doi: 10.1152 /japplphysiol.01016.2017.
25. Gabriel DA, Kamen G, Frost G. Neural adaptations to resistive exercise: mechanisms and recommendations for training practices. Sports Med. 2006; 36(2):133–149. doi: 10.2165 /00007256-200636020-00004.
26. Weir JP, Housh DJ, Housh TJ, et al. The effect of unilateral eccentric weight training and detraining on joint angle specificity, cross-training, and the bilateral deficit. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1995; 22(5):207–215. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1995.22.5.207.
27. Zhang Z, Qu W, Peng W, et al. Effect of unilateral and bilateral plyometric training on jumping, sprinting, and change of direction abilities: a meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025; 17(1):97. doi: 10.1186 /s13102-025-01113-6.
28. Tao M. Impact of training volume settings between unilateral training and bilateral training on athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
29. Liao KF, Nassis GP, Bishop C, et al. Effects of unilateral vs. bilateral resistance training interventions on measures of strength, jump, linear and change of direction speed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport. 2022; 39(3):485–497. doi: 10.5114 /biolsport.2022.107024.
30. Kassiano W, Nunes JP, Costa B, et al. Comparison of muscle growth and dynamic strength adaptations induced by unilateral and bilateral resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2025; 55(4):923–936. doi: 10.1007 /s40279-024-02169-z.
31. Moran J, Ramírez-Campillo R, Liew B, et al. Effects of vertically and horizontally orientated plyometric training on physical performance: a meta-analytical comparison. Sports Med. 2021; 51(1):65–79. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01340-6.
32. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.
33. Tao M, Nassis GP, Song Y, et al. Impact of training volume settings between unilateral training and bilateral training on athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2025; 23(4):291–298. doi: 10.1016/j.jesf.2025.06.003.
34. McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica. 2012; 22(3):276–282.
35. McKay AKA, Stellingwerff T, Smith ES, et al. Defining training and performance caliber: a participant classification framework. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2022; 17(2):317–331. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451.
36. Benesty J, Chen J, Huang Y, Cohen I. Pearson correlation coefficient. In: Cohen I, Huang Y, Chen J, editors. Noise Reduction in Speech Processing. Vol 2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2009:1–4. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-00296-0_5.
37. Drevon D, Fursa SR, Malcolm AL. Intercoder reliability and validity of WebPlotDigitizer in extracting graphed data. Behav Modif. 2017; 41(2):323–339. doi: 10.1177/0145445516673998.
38. Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019; 366:l4898. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4898.
39. Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016; 355:i4919. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4919.
40. De Morton NA. The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study. Aust J Physiother. 2009; 55(2):129–133. doi: 10.1016 /s0004-9514(09)70043-1.
41. Becker BJ. Synthesizing standardized mean-change measures. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 1988; 41(2):257–278. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1988. tb00901.x.
42. Morris SB. Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs. Organ Res Methods. 2008; 11(2):364–386. doi: 10.1177/1094428106291059.
43. Morris SB, DeShon RP. Combining effect size estimates in meta-analysis with repeated measures and independent-groups designs. Psychol Methods. 2002; 7(1):105–125. doi: 10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.105.
44. Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 10:ED000142. doi: 10.1002 /14651858.ED000142.
45. Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013; 4. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863.
46. Gibbons RD, Hedeker DR, Davis JM. Estimation of effect size from a series of experiments involving paired comparisons. J Educ Stat. 1993; 18(3):271–279. doi: 10.2307 /1165136.
47. Morris SB. Distribution of the standardized mean change effect size for meta-analysis on repeated measures. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2000; 53(Pt 1):17–29. doi: 10 .1348/000711000159150.
48. Dunlap W, Cortina J, Vaslow J, et al. Meta-analysis of experiments with matched groups or repeated measures designs. Psychol Methods. 1996; 1:170–177. doi: 10.1037 /1082-989X.1.2.170.
49. Hedges LV, Olkin I. Random effects models for effect sizes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1985:189–203. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-057065-5 .50014-2.
50. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 1988. doi: 10.4324/9780203771587.
51. Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010; 36:1–48. doi: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03.
52. DerSimonian R, Kacker R. Random-effects model for meta-analysis of clinical trials: an update. Contemp Clin Trials. 2007; 28(2):105–114. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2006.04.004.
53. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JPT, et al. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010; 1(2):97–111. doi: 10.1002 /jrsm.12.
54. Kadlec D, Sainani KL, Nimphius S. With great power comes great responsibility: common errors in meta-analyses and meta-regressions in strength & conditioning research. Sports Med. 2023; 53(2):313–325. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01766-0.
55. Van den Noortgate W, López-López JA, Marín-Martínez F, et al. Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes. Behav Res Methods. 2013; 45(2):576–594. doi: 10.3758 /s13428-012-0261-6.
56. Assink M, Wibbelink CJM. Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: a step-by-step tutorial. Tutorials Quant Methods Psychol. 2016; 12(3):154–174. doi: 10.20982 /tqmp.12.3.p154.
57. Cheung MWL. A guide to conducting a meta-analysis with non-independent effect sizes. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019; 29(4):387–396. doi: 10.1007 /s11065-019-09415-6.
58. Jukic I, Castilla AP, Ramos AG, et al. The acute and chronic effects of implementing velocity loss thresholds during resistance training: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and critical evaluation of the literature. Sports Med. 2023; 53(1):177–214. doi: 10.1007 /s40279-022-01754-4.
59. Borg DN, Impellizzeri FM, Borg SJ, et al. Meta-analysis prediction intervals are under reported in sport and exercise medicine. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024; 34(3):e14603. doi: 10.1111 /sms.14603.
60. IntHout J, Ioannidis JPA, Rovers MM, et al. Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016; 6(7):e010247. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247.
61. Nakagawa S, Noble DWA, Senior AM, et al. Meta-evaluation of meta-analysis: ten appraisal questions for biologists. BMC Biol. 2017; 15(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s12915-017-0357-7.
62. Quintana DS. A guide for calculating study-level statistical power for meta-analyses. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci. 2023; 6(1):25152459221147260. doi: 10.1177/25152459221147260.
63. Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, et al. Contour-enhanced meta-analysis funnel plots help distinguish publication bias from other causes of asymmetry. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008; 61(10):991–996. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010.
64. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997; 315(7109):629–634. doi: 10.1136 /bmj.315.7109.629.
65. Fernández-Castilla B, Declercq L, Jamshidi L, et al. Detecting selection bias in meta-analyses with multiple outcomes: a simulation study. J Exp Educ. 2021; 89(1):125–144. doi: 10.1080/00220973.2019 .1582470.
66. Sterne JAC, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JPA, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011; 343:d4002. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d4002.
67. Viechtbauer W, Cheung MWL. Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010; 1(2):112–125. doi: 10.1002 /jrsm.11.
68. Chatterjee S, Cook R, Weisberg S. Residuals and influence in regression. 1982.
69. Schünemann HJ, Higgins JP, Vist GE, et al. Completing ‘Summary of findings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2019:375–402. doi: 10.1002/9781119536604.ch14.
70. Jukic I, Van Hooren B, Ramos AG, et al. The effects of set structure manipulation on chronic adaptations to resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021; 51(5):1061–1086. doi: 10.1007 /s40279-020-01423-4.
71. Van Hooren B, Jukic I, Cox M, et al. The relationship between running biomechanics and running economy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Sports Med. 2024; 54(5):1269–1316. doi: 10.1007/s40279-024-01997-3.
72. Li B, Wei L. An experimental study of influences of weighted squat and bulgarian squat in hockey players’ moving ability. J Wuhan Inst Phys Educ. 2021; 55(5):6.
73. Li Z, Lei S, Zhang H, et al. Effects of unilateral and bilateral plyometrics training on basketball players’ leg power and change of direction ability. Sport Sci Health. 2025. doi: 10.1007 /s11332-025-01390-1.
74. Zhao Y, Sun M, Wang X, et al. Unilateral plyometric jump training shows significantly more effective than bilateral training in improving both time to stabilization and peak landing force in single-leg lend and hold test: a randomized multi-arm study conducted among young male basketball players. J Sports Sci Med. 2024; 647–655. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2024.647.
75. Belegišanin B, Andrić N, Jezdimirović Stojanović T, et al. A comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral flywheel strength training on physical performance in youth male basketball players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2025; 10(1):81. doi: 10.3390/jfmk10010081.
76. Cao J, Xun S, Zhang R, et al. Effects of unilateral, bilateral and combined plyometric jump training on asymmetry of muscular strength and power, and change-of-direction in youth male basketball players. J Sports Sci Med. 2024; 754–766. doi: 10.52082 /jssm.2024.754.
77. Duan T, He Z, Dai J, et al. Effects of unilateral and bilateral contrast training on the lower limb sports ability of college basketball players. Front Physiol. 2024; 15:1452751. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1452751.
78. Davó JL H, Monteagudo P, Sabido R. Comparison of six weeks eccentric overload training between bilateral and unilateral squat in basketball players.
79. Stern D, Gonzalo-Skok O, Loturco I, et al. A comparison of bilateral vs. unilateral-biased strength and power training interventions on measures of physical performance in elite youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020; 34(8):2105–2111. doi: 10.1519/ JSC.0000000000003659.
80. Ramírez-Campillo R, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Gonzalo-Skok O, et al. Specific changes in young soccer player’s fitness after traditional bilateral vs. unilateral combined strength and plyometric training. Front Physiol. 2018; 9:265. doi: 10.3389/ fphys.2018.00265.
81. Drouzas V, Katsikas C, Zafeiridis A, et al. Unilateral plyometric training is superior to volume-matched bilateral training for improving strength, speed and power of lower limbs in preadolescent soccer athletes. J Hum Kinet. 2020; 74(1):161–176. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2020-0022.
82. Zhao X, Turner AP, Sproule J, et al. The effect of unilateral and bilateral leg press training on lower body strength and power and athletic performance in adolescent rugby players. J Hum Kinet. 2023; 86:235–246. doi: 10.5114 /jhk/159626.
83. Appleby BB, Cormack SJ, Newton RU. Unilateral and bilateral lower-body resistance training does not transfer equally to sprint and change of direction performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2020; 34(1):54–64. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000003035.
84. Speirs DE, Bennett MA, Finn CV, et al. Unilateral vs. bilateral squat training for strength, sprints, and agility in academy rugby players. J Strength Cond Res. 2016; 30(2):386–392. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000001096.
85. Fisher J, Wallin M. Unilateral versus bilateral lower-body resistance and plyometric training for change of direction speed. J Athlet Enhancement. 2014; 3(6). doi: 10.4172/2324-9080 .1000174.
86. Kadlec D, Sainani KL, Nimphius S. With great power comes great responsibility: common errors in meta-analyses and meta-regressions in strength & conditioning research. Sports Med. 2023; 53(2):313–325. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01766-0.
87. Škarabot J, Brownstein CG, Casolo A, et al. The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021; 121(3):675–685. doi: 10.1007 /s00421-020-04567-3.
88. Ans dell P, Brownstein CG, Škarabot J, et al. Task-specific strength increases after lower-limb compound resistance training occurred in the absence of corticospinal changes in vastus lateralis. Exp Physiol. 2020; 105(7):1132–1150. doi: 10.1113/EP088629.
89. Häkkinen K, Kallinen M, Linnamo V, et al. Neuromuscular adaptations during bilateral versus unilateral strength training in middle-aged and elderly men and women. Acta Physiol Scand. 1996; 158(1):77–88. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X .1996.523293000.x.
90. Bouguezzi R, Chaabene H, Negra Y, et al. Effects of jump exercises with and without stretch-shortening cycle actions on components of physical fitness in prepubertal male soccer players. Sport Sci Health. 2020; 16(2):297–304. doi: 10.1007/s11332-019-00605-6.
91. Sáez-Sáez de Villarreal E, Requena B, Newton RU. Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2010; 13(5):513–522. doi: 10.1016 /j.jsams.2009.08.005.
92. Ramírez-Campillo R, García-Hermoso A, Moran J, et al. The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players: a meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2022; 11(6):656–670. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.005.
93. Markovic G, Mikulic P. Neuro-musculoskeletal and performance adaptations to lower-extremity plyometric training. Sports Med. 2010; 40(10):859–895. doi: 10.2165 /11318370-000000000-00000.
94. Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Mikulic P. Effects of plyometric vs. resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: a review. J Sport Health Sci. 2021; 10(5):530–536. doi: 10.1016 /j.jshs.2020.06.010.
95. Diallo O, Dore E, Duche P, et al. Effects of plyometric training followed by a reduced training programme on physical performance in prepubescent soccer players. J Sports Med Phys Fit. 2001; 41(3):342–348.
96. Spurrs RW, Murphy AJ, Watsford ML. The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003; 89(1):1–7. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0741-y.
97. Kotzamanidis C. Effect of plyometric training on running performance and vertical jumping in prepubertal boys. J Strength Cond Res. 2006; 20(2):441–445. doi: 10.1519 /R-16194.1.
98. Markovic G. Does plyometric training improve vertical jump height? A meta-analytical review. Br J Sports Med. 2007; 41(6):349–355. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.035113.
99. Howatson G, Zult T, Farthing JP, et al. Mirror training to augment cross-education during resistance training: a hypothesis. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013; 7:396. doi: 10.3389 /fnhum.2013.00396.
100. Kurtoglu A, Çar B, Eken Ö, et al. Pes planus level affects counter movement jump performance: a study on amateur male and female volleyball players. Medicine. 2024; 103(25):e38683. doi: 10.1097/MD.000000000003 8683.
101. Walsh M, Arampatzis A, Schade F, et al. The effect of drop jump starting height and contact time on power, work performed, and moment of force. J Strength Cond Res. 2004; 18(3):561–566. doi: 10.1519 /1533-4287(2004)18%3C561: TEODJS%3E2.0.CO; 2.
102. Nagano A, Komura T, Fukashiro S. Optimal coordination of maximal-effort horizontal and vertical jump motions--a computer simulation study. Biomed Eng Online. 2007; 6:20. doi: 10.1186 /1475-925X-6-20.
103. Wakai M, Linthorne NP. Optimum take-off angle in the standing long jump. Hum Mov Sci. 2005; 24(1):81–96. doi: 10.1016/j.humov .2004.12.001.
104. Meylan C, McMaster T, Cronin J, et al. Single-leg lateral, horizontal, and vertical jump assessment: reliability, interrelationships, and ability to predict sprint and change-of-direction performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(4):1140–1147. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0b013e318190f9c2.
105. Young WB. Laboratory strength assessment of athletes. 1995.
106. Jarvis P, Turner A, Read P, et al. Reactive strength index and its associations with measures of physical and sports performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022; 52(2):301–330. doi: 10.1007 /s40279-021-01566-y.
107. Cronin JB, Hansen KT. Strength and power predictors of sports speed. J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19(2):349–357. doi: 10.1519 /14323.1.
108. Healy R, Smyth C, Kenny IC, et al. Influence of reactive and maximum strength indicators on sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(11):3039–3048. doi: 10 .1519/JSC.0000000000002635.
109. Suchomel TJ, Bailey CA, Sole CJ, et al. Using reactive strength index-modified as an explosive performance measurement tool in division I athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(4):899–904. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000000743.
110. Ramírez-Campillo R, Thapa RK, Afonso J, et al. Effects of plyometric jump training on the reactive strength index in healthy individuals across the lifespan: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2023; 53(5):1029–1053. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01825-0.
111. Sheppard JM, Young WB. Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. J Sports Sci. 2006; 24(9):919–932. doi: 10.1080/02640410500457109.
112. Mujezinović E, Babajić F, et al. Application of unilateral and bilateral plyometric exercises on the ability of planned agility and acceleration; effects in young soccer players. Sport Mont. 2024; 22(3):81–84. doi: 10.26773 /smj.241013.
113. Ramírez-Campillo R, Burgos CH, Henríquez-Olguín C, et al. Effect of unilateral, bilateral, and combined plyometric training on explosive and endurance performance of young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(5):1317–1328. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000000762.
114. Dos’Santos T, Thomas C, Comfort P, et al. The effect of angle and velocity on change of direction biomechanics: an angle-velocity trade-off. Sports Med. 2018; 48(10):2235–2253. doi: 10 .1007/s40279-018-0968-3.
115. Spiteri T, Binetti M, Scanlan AT, et al. Physical determinants of division 1 collegiate basketball, women’s national basketball league, and women’s national basketball association athletes: with reference to lower-body sidedness. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(1):159–166. doi: 10.1519/JSC .0000000000001905.
116. Chaabene H, Prieske O, Negra Y, et al. Change of direction speed: toward a strength training approach with accentuated eccentric muscle actions. Sports Med. 2018; 48(8):1773–1779. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0907-3.
117. Scanlan AT, Tucker PS, Dascombe BJ, et al. Fluctuations in activity demands across game quarters in professional and semiprofessional male basketball. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(11):3006. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000000967.
118. Conte D, Favero TG, Lupo C, et al. Time-motion analysis of italian elite women’s basketball games: individual and team analyses. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(1):144. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000000633.
119. Núñez FJ, Santalla A, Carrasquila I, et al. The effects of unilateral and bilateral eccentric overload training on hypertrophy, muscle power and COD performance, and its determinants, in team sport players. PLoS One. 2018; 13(3):e0193841. doi: 10.1371 /journal.pone.0193841.
120. Aguilera-Castells J, Buscà B, Morales J, et al. Muscle activity of bulgarian squat. Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface. PLoS One. 2019; 14(8):e0221710. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221710.
121. DeForest BA, Cantrell GS, Schilling BK. Muscle activity in single- vs. double-leg squats. Int J Exercise Sci. 2014; 7(4):302–310. doi: 10.70252 /MXVZ7653.
122. Pappas E, Hagins M, Sheikhzadeh A, et al. Biomechanical differences between unilateral and bilateral landings from a jump: gender differences. Clin J Sport Med. 2007; 17(4):263. doi: 10.1097 /JSM.0b013e31811f415b.
123. Moran J, Ramírez-Campillo R, Liew B, et al. Effects of bilateral and unilateral resistance training on horizontally orientated movement performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021; 51(2):225–242. doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01367-9.
124. Behm DG, Cappa D, Power GA. Trunk muscle activation during moderate- and high-intensity running. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009; 34(6):1008–1016. doi: 10.1139/H09-102.
125. Behm DG, Drinkwater EJ, Willardson JM, et al. Canadian society for exercise physiology position stand: the use of instability to train the core in athletic and nonathletic conditioning. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010; 35(1):109–112. doi: 10.1139 /H09-128.
126. Appleby BB, Cormack SJ, Newton RU. Specificity and transfer of lower-body strength: influence of bilateral or unilateral lower-body resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2019; 33(2):318–326. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0000000000002923.
127. Wahl MJ, Behm DG. Not all instability training devices enhance muscle activation in highly resistance-trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res. 2008; 22(4):1360–1370. doi: 10.1519 /JSC.0b013e318175ca3c.
128. Oku K, Kai Y, Koda H, et al. Evolution of key factors influencing performance across phases in junior short sprints. Sports. 2024; 12(12):321. doi: 10.3390/sports12120321.
129. Stojanović E, Stojiljković N, Scanlan AT, et al. The activity demands and physiological responses encountered during basketball match-play: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2018; 48(1):111–135. doi: 10.1007 /s40279-017-0794-z.
130. Scanlan AT, Dascombe BJ, Kidcaff AP, et al. Gender-specific activity demands experienced during semiprofessional basketball game play. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2015; 10(5):618–625. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2014-0407.
131. Oliver JL, Ramachandran AK, Singh U, et al. The effects of strength, plyometric and combined training on strength, power and speed characteristics in high-level, highly trained male youth soccer players: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2024; 54(3):623–643. doi: 10.1007 /s40279-023-01944-8.
132. Behm DG, Power KE, Drinkwater EJ. Muscle activation is enhanced with multi- and uni-articular bilateral versus unilateral contractions. Can J Appl Physiol. 2003; 28(1):38–52. doi: 10.1139/h03-004.
133. Anders JPV, Keller JL, Smith CM, et al. Performance fatigability and neuromuscular responses for bilateral versus unilateral leg extensions in women. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2020; 50:102367. doi: 10.1016 /j.jelekin.2019.102367.
134. Costa E, Moreira A, Cavalcanti B, et al. Effect of unilateral and bilateral resistance exercise on maximal voluntary strength, total volume of load lifted, and perceptual and metabolic responses. Biol Sport. 2015; 32(1):35–40. doi: 10.5604 /20831862.1126326.
Copyright: Institute of Sport. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
  
Termedia
About us Contact
Copyright notice Privacy policy Advertising policy Contact us
Quick links
Journals Books eBooks Events
© 2026 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Termedia.