Gastroenterology Review
eISSN: 1897-4317
ISSN: 1895-5770
Gastroenterology Review/Przegląd Gastroenterologiczny
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1/2026
vol. 21
 
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Letter to the Editor

Hypoglycaemia in a patient with huge hepatocellular carcinoma responsive to chemoembolisation and tumour resection

Helen Bolanaki
1
,
Francesk Mulita
1
,
Athanasia Mitsala
1
,
Anastasios Zorbalas
1
,
Ioannis Tzimagiorgis
1
,
Anastasios J. Karayiannakis
1

  1. Second Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, Alexandroupolis, Greece
Gastroenterology Rev 2026; 21 (1): 103–107
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2026.160318
Online publish date: 2026/03/05
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- Hypoglycaemia.pdf  [0.41 MB]
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2. Chu CW, Hwang SJ, Luo JC, et al. Manifestations of hypercholesterolaemia, hypoglycaemia, erythrocytosis and hypercalcaemia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: report of two cases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 14: 807-10.
3. Tsuchiya A, Kubota T, Takizawa K, et al. Successful treatment in a case of massive hepatocellular carcinoma with paraneoplastic syndrome. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2009; 3: 105-10.
4. Luo JC, Hwang SJ, Wu JC, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with paraneoplastic syndromes. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 1315-9.
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6. Sorlini M, Benini F, Cravarezza P, Romanelli G. Hypoglycemia, an atypical early sign of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer 2010; 41: 209-11.
7. McFadzean AJS, Yeung RTT. Hypoglycemia in primary carcinoma of liver. Arch Intern Med 1956; 98: 720-31.
8. Zapf J, Futo E, Peter M, Froesch ER. Can “big” insulin-like growth factor II in serum of tumor patients account for the development of extrapancreatic tumor hypoglycemia? J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 2574-84.
9. Kratzsch J, Blum WF, Schenker E, Keller E. Regulation of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)I, IGF binding proteins -1, -2, -3 and GH binding protein during progression of liver cirrhosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1995; 103: 285-91.
10. Daughaday WH. The possible autocrine/paracrine and endocrine roles of insulin-like growth factors of human tumors. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 1-4.
11. Hunter SJ, Daughaday WH, Callender ME, et al. A case of hepatoma associated with hypoglycaemia and overproduction of IGF-II (E-21): beneficial effects of treatment with growth hormone and intrahepatic adriamycin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994; 41: 397-401.
12. Kampitak T. Successful treatment of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia in hepatocellular carcinoma with doxorubicin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 62: 929-30.
13. Tietge UJ, Schöfl C, Ocran KW, et al. Hepatoma with severe non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93: 997-1000.
14. Yonei Y, Tanaka M, Ozawa Y, et al. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma with severe hypoglycemia: involvement of insulin-like growth factors. Liver 1992; 12: 90-3.
15. Dimopoulos P, Mulita A, Antzoulas A, et al. The role of artificial intelligence and image processing in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of liver cancer: a narrative-review. Gastroenterology Rev 2024; 19: 221-30.
16. Mulita F, Verras GI, Anagnostopoulos CN, Kotis K. A Smarter health through the internet of surgical things. Sensors 2022; 22: 4577.
Copyright: © 2026 Termedia Sp. z o. o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.



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