Purpose
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal vestibule is a rare type of tumor (1% of head and neck cancers) [1] that can impact patients’ quality of life, since the therapy may be often associated with unaesthetic results. Radiation therapy and surgery are frequently proposed therapeutic modalities, but no consensus exists regarding the best approach and staging system. For this reason, the best strategy should be discussed in a multidisciplinary setting. Some clinicians prefer AJCC/TNM classification [2], while others use the staging system proposed by Wang [3], which is simple and includes only three stages (Table 1).
Table 1
Wang’s staging system
Even though no guidelines exist to provide a uniform treatment indication, radiotherapy can be considered as exclusive therapy in T1-T2 tumors or in combination with surgery in locally advanced tumors [4,5,6,7].
Radiation therapy can be delivered as external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), interventional radiotherapy (IRT), or combination of both. IRT consists of placing radioactive sources within or directly adjacent to a tumor, which is a way of delivering highly targeted and conformal radiation [8], with excellent sparing of the surrounding tissues [9]. IRT can be considered as an excellent approach and, in some cases, it shows better tumor control and cosmesis than EBRT [10,11] with higher degree of patients’ satisfaction than surgery [12].
The present paper reports the results (local and regional control, disease-free survival, overall survival, disease specific survival) of patients included in our study. Moreover, it demonstrates the dosimetric data and patients’ satisfaction of a single-institution analysis of 14 patients treated with IRT.
Material and methods
All consecutive patients, affected by primary nasal vestibule cancer, treated at the Interventional Oncology Center (IOC) of the Gemelli-ART (advanced radiation therapy) with IRT from May 2012 to June 2019 were evaluated. Squamous cell carcinoma with follow-up more than 6 months were the inclusion criteria for this analysis.
Twenty patients diagnosed with primary nasal vestibule cancer were treated. However, for statistical analysis, 4 patients were not considered due to follow-up time less than 6 months, and 2 patients affected by basal cell carcinoma. Therefore, for definitive analysis, 14 patients with SCC were investigated.
All patients were evaluated by a multidisciplinary head and neck oncology team, and were subjected to physical examination, biopsy of the primary lesion for histologic confirmation, and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance (MRI) for staging. All patients signed an informed consent both for the procedure and for the treatment as well as for a possible use of personal data in scientific papers. For T classification, the staging system proposed by Wang [3] was adopted. Toxicities were assessed using the common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.0 [13]. Patients’ characteristics are reported in Table 2.
Table 2
Patients’ characteristics
| Factors | n(%) |
|---|---|
| Sex | |
| Male | 10 (71.4) |
| Female | 4 (28.6) |
| Age, median | 67.5 (range, 51-83) years |
| Wang’s staging | |
| 1 | 3 (21.4) |
| 2 | 10 (71.4) |
| 3 | 1 (7.2) |
| Initial N | |
| N– | 12 (85.7) |
| N+ | 2 (14.3) |
| Follow-up, median | 53 (range, 6-84) months |
Two patients presented with clinical nodal involvement. No irradiation, but modified neck dissection was performed, which confirmed pathological involvement; one patient had already been irradiated for Hodgkin lymphoma, and one followed only clinical and radiological follow-up after multidisciplinary discussion.
In the absence of definitive literature data and consensus regarding assessment methods, the patients were requested to express a subjective opinion on their cosmetic outcome. In order to obtain an easy-to-use method to calculate patients’ satisfaction with cosmetic results, a scale ranging from 1 to 4 was used. The scale consisted of satisfaction staging, with 1 meaning very dissatisfied, 2 – dissatisfied, 3 – satisfied, and 4 – very satisfied.
Implant procedure
Flexible tubes of 6 F were implanted, with 0.8-1.2 cm spacing, according to the Paris system rules to adequately cover the clinical target volume (CTV) and 0.5-1 cm margins if possible (due to anatomical limitations). The implantation was performed keeping the tubes fully interstitial, and avoiding piercing the perichondrium and cartilages to prevent septal and alar perforation, unless clinically necessary due to tumor infiltration.
Local fixation was done with buttons sutured to the skin and, if needed, with Merocel packing (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). The number of catheters varied according to the size of the target. In some cases, during implantation, endoscopic vision with 0-45° endoscopes was used.
After the plastic tubes were implanted, all patients underwent CT, and CTV and catheters were reconstructed. Treatment planning was implemented with Oncentra Brachy (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) and the treatment was delivered using high-dose-rate (HDR) afterloader (Elekta MicroSelectron or Flexitron). The treatment protocol was prescribed with a total dose of 44 Gy in 14 fractions, 3 Gy per fraction (except the first and last ones, 4 Gy), 2 fractions per day (b.i.d.), 5 days per week (EQD2 48.5 Gy and BED 58 Gy considering the tumor α/β ratio of 10) for an overall treatment time of 9 days. All patients followed the prescription protocol but one who received a total dose of 42 Gy in 12 fractions, 3 Gy per 6 fractions, and 4 Gy per 6 fractions (EQD2 51.5 Gy and BED 61.8 Gy considering the tumor α/β ratio of 10). Images of a brachytherapy (BT) implant and the treatment plan are presented in Figure 1.
Dosimetric criteria
We considered the range and median of V200, V150, V100, V90, and V85, which represent the clinical target volume (CTV) covered by 200%, 150%, 100%, 90%, and 85% of the prescription dose, respectively. Moreover, the median and range of dose non-uniformity ratio (DNR), dose homogeneity index (DHI), coverage index (CI), and overdose volume index (ODI) were calculated.
Statistical analysis
Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the probability of local control (LC), regional control (RC), disease-free survival (DSF), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). A univariate analysis was carried out considering the following outcomes: age (> 65 years old), Wang’s staging, V100 cc, and tumor volume.
Results
In total, 14 patients were considered for analysis. The median follow-up time was 53 (range, 6-84) months. No interruptions of the IRT schedule for acute toxicity were recorded. The mean CTV volume was 16.63 cc (range, 4.3-40), and the median number of catheters used was 7 (range, 5-18). The median V100 was 11.77 cc and the mean V100 was 14.28 cc, with a range between 2.79 and 37.98. The univariate analysis performed for the V100 did not show any statistically significant correlation. Dosimetric data are reported in Table 3.
Table 3
Dosimetric data
Two local recurrences were observed, including one marginal and one central recurrences. One of these patients died from the disease (according to Wang’s staging, the pretreatment staging of one patient was T2, whereas the other was T3, they were both N0). Two regional recurrences in follow-up were recorded, and both patients were salvaged with neck dissection and adjuvant external beam radiotherapy (according to Wang’s staging, the pretreatment staging of one patient was T2, whereas the other was T1, they were both N0). Toxicity was monitored during follow-up (both acute and late), and no G3 or G4 toxicities were observed. G1/G2 toxicity were present in 4 patients, with edema and crusts as the most commonly recorded.
Local control at 12, 24, and 36 months were 85.7% (Figure 2). Regional control (RC) at 12 and 24 months were 92.9%, and 81.2% at 36 months (Figure 3). DFS at 12 and 24 months were 78.6%, and 67.3% at 36 months (Figure 4). OS at 12 months was 92.3%, at 24 months was 76.9%, and at 36 months was 69.2% (Figure 5). Disease-specific survival at 12, 24, and 36 months were 92.3% (Figure 6).
From the univariate analysis performed, only the staging system proposed by Wang showed a statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) correlation with oncological endpoints (LC, DSF, DSS, and OS) (Table 4).
Table 4
Outcomes of statistical univariate analysis using log-rank test for DFS, DSS, OS, LC, and RC
Very good cosmetic results were observed; of the eight patients interviewed, seven patients (87.5%) expressed a good degree of satisfaction and only one patient (12.5%) was not completely satisfied (this patient had both V150 and V200 higher than the median). Patients’ satisfaction in detail is reported in Figure 7. In Figure 8, two pictures of the same patient before and after the treatment are displayed.
Discussion
The choice of the most appropriate therapeutic approach and staging system for nasal vestibule cancer is a matter of growing interest in the head and neck oncological community. Based on the AJCC/International Union Against Cancer classification, nasal vestibule cancer is considered in the frame of nasal cavity tumors [2] and the disease is defined as cT4a in case of skin involvement, while bone invasion can be found also in cT1. However, the invasion of the skin does not drastically impact the prognosis, unlike bone invasion [14]. For these reasons, for T classification, we adopted Wang’s staging system, specific for nasal vestibule cancer, which has been shown to better predict prognosis [15,16]. In the present series, in accordance with these considerations, the Wang’s staging system represents a statistically significant prognostic factor in terms of LC, DSF, DSS, and OS.
No significant differences between patients primarily treated by surgery and IRT in terms of survival and loco-regional control have been defined [12]. Nowadays, IRT is recognized as a valid option for treatment of this tumor [17,18]. Indeed, surgery and radiotherapy (IRT or external beams) may provide similar chances for the cure of nasal vestibule cancer. In such a situation, as always more often in modern head and neck oncology, the issues concerning quality of life of patients become decisive for the treatment recommendation.
The quality of life of patients successfully treated for nose vestibule cancer and therefore their reported satisfaction are affected mainly by 2 parameters: firstly, the aesthetic outcome and secondly, the preservation of specific nose functions (e.g., breathing, smell, air filtering, mucociliary clearance).
Aesthetic outcome is critical because the nasal vestibule is probably the most exposed and noticed part of the whole body, where minimal imperfections, scars, or deformity have the highest esthetical and social impact. Moreover, surgical reconstruction of full thickness defect (which is the most frequent condition with nearly constant involvement of the skin) is extremely difficult [19].
It is important to note that in the present study, the patient who was not completely satisfied with the cosmetic result had both V150 and V200 more than the median. However, no statistically significant correlation was found in our study between clinical outcomes and dosimetric data.
Since reliefs and hollows formed by cartilages are practically impossible to reproduce, both by local and free flaps, various authors [20] believe that anchored prostheses may be the best choice when performing total rhinectomy. Therefore, the anatomy preservation represents the best approach with regard to the degree of satisfaction, as observed from patients’ assessments [12], which is also shown in the present study. IRT can also be used successfully in the elderly where comprehensive surgery, especially repeated reconstructive surgical approaches, can more often be contraindicated.
In the literature, commonly mentioned functional side effects are nasal dryness, crusts, and adhesions [21]. In our study, no G3/G4 acute toxicity was recorded and all the patients completed the treatment.
The principal limitation of this study was a relatively small number of patients and a brief follow-up of some patients. The implementation of randomized trials is recommended but it is difficult, considering the rarity of nasal vestibule cancer. However, systems, which allow sharing of data among different institutions are already present in daily practice for head and neck patients, especially for rare tumors treated with IRT [22].
To date, the largest cohort of patients was observed by Czerwinski et al. In more than 100 consecutive patients, brachytherapy was used as a sole treatment for nasal vestibule carcinoma. They concluded that BT offers excellent local control for Wang T1-T2 tumors with patients’ high level of satisfaction [23].
Even though studies like the one by Czerwinski et al. offer valuable data on this very rare disease, we believe that the use of a large database may be a good alternative. A multicentric system could help to develop predictive models and decision support tools, which could be implemented in the clinical practice to support and improve multidisciplinary discussion [24]. Moreover, it could assist in identification of patients who could benefit from this kind of treatment. According to this, we recommend a multidisciplinary approach, developing large multicentric database, and introducing this approach at an educational level [25].
Conclusions
This study confirms that IRT, in view of the safety, provides excellent tumor control and high patient’s esthetic satisfaction, and could be considered as a definitive treatment in nasal vestibule cancer. However, further prospective analysis of a multinational cohort of large databases is needed to provide a more detailed view of a long-term results.
