Premenstrual syndrome: etiology, diagnosis and treatment. A mini literature review

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a combination of emotional, physical, psychological, and mood disturbances that occur after a woman’s ovulation, typically ending with the onset of her menstrual flow. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe condition of PMS which can be very disabling, as it affects occupational activities and personal relationships. Globally, PMS occurs in 30–40% of women of reproductive age, with 3–8% of this population being affected by PMDD. Despite several studies, the etiology of PMS still remains unclear; however, most theories suggest that PMS has increased sensitivity to normal hormonal changes as well as neurotransmitter abnormalities. Treatment of PMS often requires pharmacological interventions. Serotonergic antidepressants are the mainstay for improving both physical and mood symptoms. Oral contraceptives are also effective for relieving physical symptoms. Other non-pharmacological interventions include lifestyle modification and cognitive behavioral therapy.