Aim of the study:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Malaysia is a growing health concern, despite regular liver ultrasound and a-fetoprotein (AFP) surveillance. The GALAD model incorporates AFP, lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive a-fetoprotein (AFP-L3), protein induced by vitamin K antagonist-II (PIVKA-II), gender and age to predict the probability of HCC. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic ability of GALAD compared to AFP in HCC screening.

Material and methods:

A single-centre, case control study recruited newly diagnosed HCC and cirrhotic patients. Serum biomarkers were quantified using a microfluidic-based automated immunoanalyzer. The diagnostic ability of AFP, AFP-L3, PIVKA-II and GALAD was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and corresponding area under the curve (AUC) analysis.

Results:

Among the 44 HCC cases, GALAD score achieved the highest AUC value of 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-0.98, p < 0.0001) significantly surpassing AFP (0.89), AFP-L3 (0.84) and PIVKA-II (0.88). The GALAD score demonstrated 84.1% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity at the standard cut-off (–0.63) and 88.6%/92.2% at its best cut-off (–1.035) for detecting any stage of HCC, outperforming AFP (79.5%/92.2%), AFP-L3 (59.1%/94.9%) and PIVKA-II (79.5%/84.9%). The sensitivity of the GALAD score was 100% in earlystage HCC (BCLC0/A).

Conclusions:

GALAD outperformed conventional biomarkers, facilitating early detection, improved treatment options and ultimately a higher survival rate for HCC patients.