The effect of virtual and augmented reality training on soccer players: a systematic review of cognitive-motor performance

This review provides a critical analysis of the findings from studies that investigated the effects of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) training on the cognitive and sensorimotor skills of soccer players. A systematic search was conducted to identify studies reporting pre-post intervention outcomes related to (1) cognitive performance measured in traditional laboratory tasks, (2) cognitive-motor skills assessed with on-pitch tasks (e.g., heading), and (3) various self-report measures. The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases, using the keywords soccer OR football AND virtual reality OR augmented reality AND cognitive OR cognitive-motor OR self-report, along with equivalent entry terms. Article selection followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Of 289 records identified, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria. All included studies reported significant improvements in the VR and AR training groups, particularly in cognitive variables measured with reaction time and accuracy; cognitive-motor skills such as heading, passing, and shooting; and self-reported outcomes including perceived efficiency, self-confidence and sports engagement. One study also reported structural and functional brain adaptations following VR training. In conclusion, the findings of this systematic review support the potential of VR and AR training as an effective approach to improve cognitive motor performance in soccer players. These results highlight that VR and AR can serve as effective tools in soccer training programmes, complementing traditional training. Open questions relating to the topic of the review are identified and are proposed as targets for future research.