Ta strona używa pliki cookies, w celu polepszenia użyteczności i funkcjonalności oraz w celach statystycznych. Dowiedz się więcej w Polityce prywatności.
Korzystając ze strony wyrażasz zgodę na używanie plików cookies, zgodnie z aktualnymi ustawieniami przeglądarki.
Akceptuję wykorzystanie plików cookies
Biology of Sport
eISSN: 2083-1862
ISSN: 0860-021X
Biology of Sport
Current Issue Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Archive Ethical standards and procedures Contact Instructions for authors Journal's Reviewers Special Information
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
3/2025
vol. 42
 
Share:
Share:
Original paper

The effects of post-hypnotic suggestion on muscular performance: an EMG study on the forearm during a static handgrip endurance test

Andrea De Giorgio
1
,
Taian Vieira
2, 3
,
Cosme F. Buzzachera
4
,
Goran Kuvačić
5
,
Stefano dell’Anna
4
,
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
6
,
Sonia Angilletta
1, 7
,
Marco Alessandria
8

  1. Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University; Novedrate, Como (Italy)
  2. Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
  3. PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
  4. Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
  5. Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
  6. Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
  7. A.S.D. “SportTiVà?”, Turin, Italy
  8. Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Biol Sport. 2025;42(3):303–311
Online publish date: 2025/03/24
Article file
- 28_04522_Article.pdf  [0.66 MB]
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Zahedi A, Stuermer B, Hatami J, Rostami R, Sommer W. Eliminating stroop effects with post-hypnotic instructions: Brain mechanisms inferred from EEG. Neuropsychologia. 2017; 96:70–7. Epub 2017/01/13. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsycho logia .2017.01.006. PubMed PMID: 28077327.
2. Meaues A. ANXIETY AND HYPNOSIS. Medical Journal of Australia. 1966; 1.
3. Wolf TG, Schläppi S, Benz CI, Campus G. Efficacy of Hypnosis on Dental Anxiety and Phobia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci. 2022; 12(5). Epub 2022/05/29. doi: 10.3390/brain sci12050521. PubMed PMID: 35624907; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC9138388.
4. Untas A, Chauveau P, Dupré-Goudable C, Kolko A, Lakdja F, Cazenave N. The effects of hypnosis on anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleepiness in people undergoing hemodialysis: a clinical report. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2013; 61(4):475–83. Epub 2013/08/21. doi: 10.1080/00207144.2013.810485. PubMed PMID: 23957264.
5. Braley TJ, Segal BM, Chervin RD. Hypnotic use and fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Sleep Med. 2015; 16(1):131–7. Epub 2014/12/03. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.09.006. PubMed PMID: 25454981.
6. Caron-Trahan R, Jusseaux AE, Aubin M, Cardinal É, Aramideh J, Idrissi M, et al. Practicing self-hypnosis to reduce chronic pain: A qualitative exploratory study of HYlaDO. Br J Pain. 2024; 18(1):28–41. Epub 2024/02/12. doi: 10.1177/20494 637231200324. PubMed PMID: 38344266; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC10851891.
7. Mazini Filho M, Savoia R, Brandão Pinto de Castro J, Moreira O, Venturini G, Curty V, et al. Effects of hypnotic induction on muscular strength in men with experience in resistance training. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online. 2018; 21:52–61.
8. Liggett DR. Enhancing imagery through hypnosis: a performance aid for athletes. Am J Clin Hypn. 2000; 43(2):149–57. Epub 2000/10/07. doi: 10.1080/000 29157.2000.10404267. PubMed PMID: 11022364.
9. Iglesias A, Iglesias A. Clinical hypnosis with a Little League baseball population: performance enhancement and resolving traumatic experiences. Am J Clin Hypn. 2011; 53(3):183–91. Epub 2011/03/17. doi: 10.1080/00029157.2011 .10401756. PubMed PMID: 21404954.
10. Robazza C, Bortoli L. A case study of improved performance in archery using hypnosis. Percept Mot Skills. 1995; 81(3 Pt 2):1364–6. Epub 1995/12/01. doi: 10.2466/pms.1995.81.3f.1364. PubMed PMID: 8684935.
11. Pates J, Cummings A, Maynard I. The effects of hypnosis on flow states and three-point shooting performance in basketball players. The Sport Psychologist. 2002; 16(1):34–47.
12. Nicholls AR, Poltnan RCJ, Holt NL. The Effects of Individualized Imagery Interventions on Golf Performance and Flow States. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology. 2005; 7(1): No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified.
13. Ikai M, Steinhaus AH. Some factors modifying the expression of human strength. J Appl Physiol. 1961; 16:157–63. Epub 1961/01/01. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1961.16.1.157. PubMed PMID: 13717441.
14. London P, Fuhrer M. Hypnosis, motivation, and performance. Journal of Personality. 1961; 29(3):321–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1961. tb01665.x.
15. Barber TX, Calverley DS. AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF “HYPNOTIC” (AUDITORY AND VISUAL) HALLUCINATIONS. J Abnorm Psychol. 1964; 68:13–20. Epub 1964/01/01. doi: 10.1037/h0042175. PubMed PMID: 14105174.
16. Takarada Y, Nozaki D. Maximal voluntary force strengthened by the enhancement of motor system state through barely visible priming words with reward. PLoS One. 2014; 9(10):e109422. Epub 2014/10/03. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0109422. PubMed PMID: 25275612; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4183639.
17. Dittrich N, Agostino D, Antonini Philippe R, Guglielmo LGA, Place N. Effect of hypnotic suggestion on knee extensor neuromuscular properties in resting and fatigued states. PLoS One. 2018; 13(4):e0195437. Epub 2018/04/24. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0195437. PubMed PMID: 29684047; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5912755.
18. Williamson JW, McColl R, Mathews D, Mitchell JH, Raven PB, Morgan WP. Brain activation by central command during actual and imagined handgrip under hypnosis. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002; 92(3):1317–24. Epub 2002/02/14. doi: 10.1152/jappl physiol.00939.2001. PubMed PMID: 11842073
19. Miller LS, Cross HJ. Hypnotic susceptibility, hypnosis, and EMG biofeedback in the reduction of frontalis muscle tension. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1985; 33(3):258–72. Epub 1985/07/01. doi: 10.1080/0020714 8508406654. PubMed PMID: 4030155.
20. Manns A, Zuazola RV, Sirhan RM, Quiroz M, Rocabado M. Relationship between the tonic elevator mandibular activity and the vertical dimension during the states of vigilance and hypnosis. Cranio. 1990; 8(2):163–70. Epub 1990/04/01. doi: 10.1080/08869634 .1990.11678310. PubMed PMID: 2073696.
21. Al-Enaizan N, Davey KJ, Lyons MF, Cadden SW. Effect of hypnosis on masseter EMG recorded during the ‘resting’ and a slightly open jaw posture. J Oral Rehabil. 2015; 42(11):840–6. Epub 2015/06/11. doi: 10.1111/joor .12316. PubMed PMID: 26059538.
22. Peter B, Schiebler P, Piesbergen C, Hagl M. Electromyographic investigation of hypnotic arm levitation: differences between voluntary arm elevation and involuntary arm levitation. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 2012; 60(1):88–110. Epub 2011/11/22. doi: 10.1080/00207144 .2011.622213. PubMed PMID: 22098572.
23. Nieft U, Schlütz M, Schmidt B. Increasing handgrip strength via post-hypnotic suggestions with lasting effects. Scientific Reports. 2024; 14(1):23344. doi: 10.1038/s41590 -024-73117-0.
24. Zahedi A, Jay Lynn S, Sommer W. How hypnotic suggestions work – A systematic review of prominent theories of hypnosis. Conscious Cogn. 2024; 123:103730. Epub 2024/07/21. doi: 10.1016 /j.concog.2024.103730. PubMed PMID: 39032268.
25. Hilgard ER, Weitzenhoffer AM, Landes J, Moore RK. The distribution of susceptibility to hypnosis in a student population: A study using the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied. 1961; 75(8):1–22. doi: 10.1037/h0093802.
26. Moran TE, Kurtz RM, Strube MJ. The efficacy of the Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of hypnotic susceptibility: form C. Am J Clin Hypn. 2002; 44(3–4):221–30. Epub 2002/01/22. doi: 10.1080/00029157.2002 .10403482. PubMed PMID: 11799536.
27. Vieira TM, Cerone GL, Botter A, Watanabe K, Vigotsky AD. The Sensitivity of Bipolar Electromyograms to Muscle Excitation Scales With the Inter-Electrode Distance. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2023; 31:4245–55. Epub 2023/10/16. doi: 10.1109/tnsre .2023.3325132. PubMed PMID: 37844006.
28. Vieira TM, Botter A. The Accurate Assessment of Muscle Excitation Requires the Detection of Multiple Surface Electromyograms. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2021; 49(1):23–34. Epub 2020/10/13. doi: 10.1249/jes .0000000000000240. PubMed PMID: 33044329.
29. Vieira TM, Cerone GL, Bruno M, Bachero-Mena B. Myoelectric manifestations of fatigue of the finger flexor muscles and endurance capacity in experienced versus intermediate climbers during suspension tasks. J Sports Sci. 2024; 42(8):655–64. Epub 2024/05/25. doi: 10.1080/02640414 .2024.2357470. PubMed PMID: 38794799.
30. Arendt-Nielsen L, Mills KR. The relationship between mean power frequency of the EMG spectrum and muscle fibre conduction velocity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1985; 60(2):130–4. Epub 1985/02/01. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(85)90019-7. PubMed PMID: 2578364.
31. Bonato P, Roy SH, Knaflitz M, De Luca CJ. Time-frequency parameters of the surface myoelectric signal for assessing muscle fatigue during cyclic dynamic contractions. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2001; 48(7):745–53. Epub 2001/07/10. doi: 10.1109/10.930899. PubMed PMID: 11442286.
32. Vieira TM, Merletti R, Mesin L. Automatic segmentation of surface EMG images: Improving the estimation of neuromuscular activity. J Biomech. 2010; 43(11):2149–58. Epub 2010/05/07. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech .2010.03.049. PubMed PMID: 20444452.
33. Tornero-Aguilera JF, Jimenez-Morcillo J, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Central and Peripheral Fatigue in Physical Exercise Explained: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(7). Epub 2022/04/13. doi: 10.3390 /ijerph19073909. PubMed PMID: 35409591; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8997532.
34. Brody LR, Pollock MT, Roy SH, De Luca CJ, Celli B. pH-induced effects on median frequency and conduction velocity of the myoelectric signal. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1991; 71(5):1878–85. Epub 1991/11/01. doi: 10.1152/jappl .1991.71.5.1878. PubMed PMID: 1761486.
35. Ranganathan VK, Siemionow V, Liu JZ, Sahgal V, Yue GH. From mental power to muscle power--gaining strength by using the mind. Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42(7):944–56. Epub 2004/03/05. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia .2003.11.018. PubMed PMID: 14998709.
36. Devanne H, Lavoie BA, Capaday C. Input-output properties and gain changes in the human corticospinal pathway. Exp Brain Res. 1997; 114(2):329–38. Epub 1997/04/01. doi: 10.1007/pl 00005641. PubMed PMID: 9166922.
37. Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and human muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve. 2001; 24(1):18–29. Epub 2001/01/11. doi: 10.1002/10 97-4598(200101) 24:1 3.0.co; 2-d. PubMed PMID: 11150962.
38. Hunter SK. Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions. Exp Physiol. 2016; 101(2):250–5. Epub 2015/10/07. doi: 10.1113/ep085370. PubMed PMID: 26440505; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5777316.
39. Hunter SK. Performance Fatigability: Mechanisms and Task Specificity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018; 8(7). Epub 2017/05/17. doi: 10.1101 /cshperspect.a029728. PubMed PMID: 28507192; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6027928.
Copyright: Institute of Sport. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
 
Quick links
© 2025 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.