Hymenoptera venom allergy is a type I hypersensitivity reaction mediated by allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Symptoms range from local reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis. While venom allergens like phospholipase A and hyaluronidase are well studied, their broader effects on metabolic and immune pathways remain poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that sphingolipids might play critical roles in immune regulation.
The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between plasma sphingolipids and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in Hymenoptera venom-allergic patients.
Plasma samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from patients allergic to bee or wasp venom. Sphingolipid levels were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Tregs frequency was analyzed by flow cytometry.
We observed elevated levels of sphingomyelins (SM) (SM C16:0 and SM C24:1) in allergic patients compared to controls, potentially reflecting heightened immune activity. Allergic patients also exhibited increased Treg frequencies. Stratification based on Treg levels revealed negative correlations between Tregs and selected sphingomyelins in high-Treg patients, suggesting a link between sphingolipid metabolism and Treg dynamics. Significant correlations were also observed between sphingolipids (SM C16:0, SM C26:1) and IgE, highlighting their involvement in IgE-mediated allergic mechanisms.
These preliminary findings reveal distinct immunometabolic profiles in Hymenoptera venom allergy, suggesting sphingolipids influence on immune regulation. Understanding the mutual associations between sphingolipids, Tregs, and IgE could lead to novel diagnostic and treatment approaches. Further studies are required to explore these pathways and validate the potential of sphingolipids as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
Hymenoptera venom, allergy, metabolites, sphingolipids, regulatory T cells
