1. Licari A, Magri P, De Silvestri A, et al. Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2023; 11: 2547-56.
2.
Samoliński B, Sybilski AJ, Raciborski F, et al. Prevalence of rhinitis in Polish population according to the ECAP (Epidemiology of Allergic Disorders in Poland) study. Otolaryngol Pol 2009; 63: 324-30.
3.
Dahl A, Galán C, Hajkova L, et al. The onset, course and intensity of the pollen season. In: Allergenic Pollen A Review of the Production, Release, Distribution and Health Impacts. Sofiev M, Bergmann KC (eds.). Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht 2013; 29-70.
4.
Samoliński B, Raciborski F, Lipiec A, et al. Epidemiologia Chorób Alergicznych w Polsce (ECAP). Alergol Pol 2014; 1: 10-8.
5.
Malkiewicz M, Drzeniecka-Osiadacz A, Krynicka J. The dynamics of the Corylus, Alnus, and Betula pollen seasons in the context of climate change (SW Poland). Sci Total Environ 2016; 573: 740-50.
6.
Kubik-Komar A, Piotrowska-Weryszko K, Weryszko-Chmielewska E, et al. A study on the spatial and temporal variability in airborne Betula pollen concentration in five cities in Poland using multivariate analyses. Sci Total Environ 2019; 660: 1070-8.
7.
D’Amato G, Cecchi L, Bonini S, et al. Allergenic pollen and pollen allergy in Europe. Allergy 2007; 62: 976-90.
8.
Scala E, Marra AM, Asero R. Tree pollen allergy. In: Molecular Allergology User’s Guide 2.0. Hoffmann K, Higer C, Santos A, et al. (eds.). EAACI, Zurich 2022; 169-85.
9.
de Weger LA, Beerthuizen T, Gast-Strookman JM et al. Difference in symptom severity between early and late grass pollen season in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Clin Transl Allergy 2011; 1: 18.
10.
Gastaminza G, Lombardero M, Bernaola G, et al. Allergenicity and cross-reactivity of pine pollen. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39: 1438-46.
11.
Daves JM, Weber RW. Aerobiology of outdoor allergens. In: Middleton’s Allergy: Principles & Practice. 9th ed. Burks AW, Holgate ST, O’Hehir RT, et al (eds.). Elsevier, Philadelphia 2020; 428-50.
12.
Jacobs RL, Harper N, He W, et al. Effect of confounding cofactors on responses to pollens during natural season versus pollen challenge chamber exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133: 1340-6.
13.
Behrendt H, Becker WM. Localization, release and bioavailability of pollen allergens: the influence of environmental factors. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13: 709-15.
14.
Guo Y, Tang Y, Su Y, Sun D. Influencing factors of particle deposition in the human nasal cavity. Laryngosc Investig Otolaryngol 2024; 9: e1308.
15.
Samoliński B, Grzanka A, Gotlib T. Changes in nasal cavity dimensions in children and adults by gender and age. Laryngoscope 2007; 117: 1429-33.
16.
Xi J, Si X, Zhou Y, et al. Growth of nasal and laryngeal airways in children: implications in breathing and inhaled aerosol dynamics. Respir Care 2014; 59: 263.
17.
Bennett WD, Zeman KL, Jarabek AM. Nasal contribution to breathing and fine particle deposition in children versus adults. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2008; 71: 227-37.
18.
Golshahi L, Noga ML, Thompson RB, et al. In vitro deposition measurement of inhaled micrometer-sized particles in extrathoracic airways of children and adolescents during nose breathing. J Aerosol Sci 2011; 42: 474-88.
19.
Zhou Y, Guo M, Xi J, et al. Nasal deposition in infants and children. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2014; 27: 110-6.
20.
Sawant N, Donovan MD. In vitro assessment of spray deposition patterns in a pediatric (12 year-old) nasal cavity model. Pharm Res 2018; 35: 108.
21.
Sosnowski TR, Rapiejko P, Sova J, Dobrowolska K. Impact of physicochemical properties of nasal spray products on drug deposition and transport in the pediatric nasal cavity model. Int J Pharm 2020; 574: 118911.
22.
Zhou Y, Xi J, Simpson J, et al. Aerosol deposition in a nasopharyngolaryngeal replica of a 5-year-old child. Aerosol Sci Technol 2013; 47: 275-82.
23.
Xi J, Si X, Kim JW, et al. Simulation of airflow and aerosol deposition in the nasal cavity of a 5-year-old child. J Aerosol Sci 2011; 42: 156-73.
24.
Foo MY, Sawant N, Overholtzer E, et al. A simplified geometric model to predict nasal spray deposition in children and adults. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 2018; 19: 2767-77.
25.
Sun Q, Dong J, Zhang Y, et al. Numerical modelling of micron particle inhalation in a realistic nasal airway with pediatric adenoid hypertrophy: a virtual comparison between pre- and postoperative models. Front Pediatr 2023; 11: 1083699.
26.
Hu Z, Ma R, Wang Y, et al. Quantitative study of Artemisia pollens deposition in the upper airways of children with adenoidal hypertrophy J Aerosol Sci 2023; 172: 106191.
27.
Corda JV, Shenoy BS, Ahmad KA, et al. Comparison of microparticle transport and deposition in nasal cavity of three different age groups. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36: 44-56.
28.
Rapiejko A, Sosnowski T, Sosnowski K, Jurkiewicz D. Experimental analysis of allergenic tree pollen deposition in a three-dimensional anatomical model of the adult nasal cavity. Otolaryngol Pol 2025; 79: 25-44.
29.
Galan C, Artaitti A, Bonnini M, et al. Recommended terminology for aerobiological studies. Aerobiologia 2017; 33: 293-5.
30.
Stawoska I, Myszkowska D, Oliwa J, et al. Air pollution in the places of Betula pendula growth and development changes the physicochemical properties and the main allergen content of its pollen. PLoS One 2023; 18: e0279826.
31.
Kormuák A, Galgóci M, Boleček P, et al. Effect of storage on pollen viability in Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus mugo Turra and their hybrid swarms. Dendrobiology 2019; 82: 43-51.
32.
Sosnowski TR, Rapiejko A, Sosnowski K, et al. Development and validation of the method for experimental analysis of pollen deposition in an anatomical model of the human nasal cavity. In: Sosnowski TR, Szwast M (eds). Chemical and Process Engineering for Environment and Health. Current Status in 2024. Łukasiewicz Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Radom 2024, 144-52.
33.
Field A. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Sage 2024.
34.
Agashe SN, Caulton E. Pollen and Spores. Applications with Special Emphasis on Aerobiology and Allergy. Science Publishers, Enfield (New Hampshire) 2009.
35.
Grega L, Anderson S, Cheetham M, et al. Aerodynamic characteristics of saccate pollen grains. Int J Plant Sci 2013; 174: 499-510.
36.
Inthavong K, Shang Y, Del Gaudio JM, et al. Inhalation and deposition of spherical and pollen particles after middle turbinate resection in a human nasal cavity. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294: 103769.
37.
Di Cicco M, Kantar A, Masini B, et al. Structural and functional development in airways throughout childhood: children are not small adults. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56: 240-51.
38.
Cheng YS. Mechanisms of pharmaceutical aerosol deposition in the respiratory tract. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 2014; 15: 630-40.
39.
Darquenne C. Deposition mechanisms. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 33: 181-5.
40.
Izquierdo-Dominguez A, Jauregui I, Del CA, et al. Allergy rhinitis: similarities and differences between children and adults. Rhinology 2017; 55: 326-31.
41.
Chen X, Deng C, Mi J, et al.: Barrier protection measures for the management of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 34: 564-72.
42.
de Weger LA, Bergmann KC, Rantio-Lehtimäki A, et al. Impact of pollen. In: Allergenic Pollen A Review of the Production, Release, Distribution and Health Impacts. Sofiev M, Bergmann KC (eds). Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht 2013; 161-215.
Copyright: © Polish Society of Allergology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
