Palliative Medicine
eISSN: 2081-2833
ISSN: 2081-0016
Medycyna Paliatywna/Palliative Medicine
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abstract:
Guidelines/recommendations

Pressure injuries in palliative care: risk assessment and classification tools

Szymon P. Dumański
1
,
Katarzyna Giemza
1
,
Michał Pałuchowski
1
,
Katarzyna Pomykała
1
,
Agnieszka Floriańczyk
1
,
Maciej Sulerzycki
1
,
Edyta Wawrzyńczuk
1
,
Tomasz Dzierżanowski
1

  1. Klinika Medycyny Paliatywnej, Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Warszawa, Polska
Medycyna Paliatywna 2025; 17
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2025.154760
Online publish date: 2025/09/27
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The diversity of available tools for risk assessment and classification of pressure injuries presents a challenge in selecting methods appropriate for the needs of patients receiving end-of-life care. Despite the development of assessment tools specifically designed for palliative care and the limited validation of traditional scales in this population, the Norton, Braden, and Waterlow scales remain commonly used in clinical practice. General Performance status tools, such as the Palliative Performance Scale, are also used in this group to assist in the prognostic evaluation of pressure injury risk. However, despite the use of validated assessment methods and appropriate preventive strategies, unavoidable pressure injuries may occur in patients at the end of life, reflecting the natural course of advanced disease. Upon the diagnosis of a pressure injury, staging is essential and is most commonly performed in accordance with the international EPUAP/NPIAP classification. In clinical practice, other older classification systems, such as the Torrance scale, as well as supplementary tools, including the color-based model, remain in use. An important complement to classification is the longitudinal assessment of wound healing using instruments such as the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing. Technologies based on artificial intelligence are increasingly being used to support both risk assessment and classification, representing a promising direction for the future of care for patients with pressure injuries.
keywords:

palliative care, risk assessment, pressure ulcer, bedsore, pressure injury, wound classification
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