1. Siebeler R, de Winther MPJ, Hoeksema MA. The regulatory landscape of macrophage interferon signaling in inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023; 152(2):326–337.
2.
Stocchi F, Bravi D, Emmi A, Antonini A. Parkinson disease therapy: current strategies and future research priorities. Nat Rev Neurol. 2024; 20(12):695–707.
3.
Borrione P, Tranchita E, Sansone P, Parisi A. Effects of physical activity in Parkinson’s disease: A new tool for rehabilitation. World J Methodol. 2014; 4(3):133–143.
4.
Ernst M, Folkerts AK, Gollan R, et al. Physical exercise for people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023; 1(1):Cd013856.
5.
Wang J, Yuan Y, Xie T, et al. Optimal dose and type of exercise to improve motor symptoms in adults with Parkinson’s disease: A network meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2025; 28(4):282–291.
6.
Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011; 26 Suppl 1:S1–58.
7.
Goldman JG, Volpe D, Ellis TD, et al. Delivering Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Care in Parkinson’s Disease: An International Consensus Statement. J Parkinsons Dis. 2024; 14(1):135–166.
8.
Song R, Grabowska W, Park M, et al. The impact of Tai Chi and Qigong mind-body exercises on motor and non-motor function and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017; 41:3–13.
9.
Tian J, Kang Y, Liu P, Yu H. Effect of Physical Activity on Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(11).
10.
Kelty TJ, Mao X, Kerr NR, Childs TE, Ruegsegger GN, Booth FW. Resistance-exercise training attenuates LPS-induced astrocyte remodeling and neuroinflammatory cytokine expression in female Wistar rats. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2022; 132(2):317–326.
11.
Kim R, Lee TL, Lee H, et al. Effects of physical exercise interventions on cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2023; 117:105908.
12.
He F, Li Y, Hu Z, Zhang H. Association of domain-specific physical activity with depressive symptoms: A population-based study. Eur Psychiatry. 2022; 66(1):e5.
13.
Stuckenschneider T, Askew CD, Menêses AL, Baake R, Weber J, Schneider S. The Effect of Different Exercise Modes on Domain-Specific Cognitive Function in Patients Suffering from Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Parkinsons Dis. 2019; 9(1):73–95.
14.
Shih IF, Starhof C, Lassen CF, Hansen J, Liew Z, Ritz B. Occupational and recreational physical activity and Parkinson’s disease in Denmark. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017; 43(3):210–216.
15.
Shih IF, Liew Z, Krause N, Ritz B. Lifetime occupational and leisure time physical activity and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 28:112–117.
16.
Zhang Y, Xu T, Cheng Z, et al. Domain-specific physical activity and risk of suicidal ideation in adults: a population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2025; 25(1):2573.
17.
Zeng Z, Cen Y, Wang L, Luo X. Association between dietary inflammatory index and Parkinson’s disease from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2018): a cross-sectional study. Front Neurosci. 2023; 17:1203979.
18.
Vemuri GN, Eiteman MA, Altman E. Succinate production in dual-phase Escherichia coli fermentations depends on the time of transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002; 28(6):325–332.
19.
Gu Y, Zhou Z, Zhao X, et al. Inflammatory burden index (IBI) and body roundness index (BRI) in gallstone risk prediction: insights from NHANES 2017–2020. Lipids Health Dis. 2025; 24(1):63.
20.
Artom M, Czuber-Dochan W, Sturt J, Norton C. Cognitive behavioural therapy for the management of inflammatory bowel disease-fatigue with a nested qualitative element: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2017; 18(1):213.
21.
Vladimirova AD. [Effect of adenohypophyseal hormones—prolactin and somatotropic—on milk secretion]. Nerv Sist. 1978; 18:88–96.
22.
Gerritsen J. Follow-up studies of asthma from childhood to adulthood. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002; 3(3):184–192.
23.
Schulze-Neick I, Werner H, Penny DJ, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Lange PE. Acute ventilatory restriction in children after weaning off inhaled nitric oxide: relation to rebound pulmonary hypertension. Intensive Care Med. 1999; 25(1):76–80.
24.
Fransson E, De Faire U, Ahlbom A, Reuterwall C, Hallqvist J, Alfredsson L. The risk of acute myocardial infarction: interactions of types of physical activity. Epidemiology. 2004; 15(5):573–582.
25.
Lourenco MV, Frozza RL, de Freitas GB, et al. Exercise-linked FNDC5/irisin rescues synaptic plasticity and memory defects in Alzheimer’s models. Nat Med. 2019; 25(1):165–175.
26.
Grasemann H, Ratjen F. Cystic fibrosis lung disease: the role of nitric oxide. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999; 28(6):442–448.
27.
Chen H, Zhang SM, Schwarzschild MA, Hernán MA, Ascherio A. Physical activity and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005; 64(4):664–669.
28.
Chargaff E. [Preface to a grammar of biology. 100 years of nucleic acid research]. Experientia. 1970; 26(7):810–816.
29.
Xu Q, Park Y, Huang X, et al. Physical activities and future risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2010; 75(4):341–348.
30.
Sääksjärvi K, Knekt P, Männistö S, et al. Reduced risk of Parkinson’s disease associated with lower body mass index and heavy leisure-time physical activity. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014; 29(4):285–292.
31.
Yang F, Trolle Lagerros Y, Bellocco R, et al. Physical activity and risk of Parkinson’s disease in the Swedish National March Cohort. Brain. 2015; 138(Pt 2):269–275.
32.
Holtermann A, Burr H, Hansen JV, Krause N, Søgaard K, Mortensen OS. Occupational physical activity and mortality among Danish workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2012; 85(3):305–310.
33.
Andersen LB, Schnohr P, Schroll M, Hein HO. All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160(11):1621–1628.
34.
Walzik D, Wences Chirino TY, Zimmer P, Joisten N. Molecular insights of exercise therapy in disease prevention and treatment. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024; 9(1):138.
35.
Xu J, He X, Li L, et al. Voluntary exercise alleviates neural functional deficits in Parkinson’s disease mice by inhibiting microglial ferroptosis via SLC7A11/ ALOX12 axis. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025; 11(1):55.
36.
Wang W, Lv Z, Gao J, et al. Treadmill exercise alleviates neuronal damage by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome and microglial activation in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Brain Res Bull. 2021; 174:349–358.
37.
Iijima H, Aoyama T, Ito A, et al. Exercise intervention increases expression of bone morphogenetic proteins and prevents the progression of cartilage-subchondral bone lesions in a post-traumatic rat knee model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016; 24(6):1092–1102.
38.
Takahashi H, Alves CRR, Stanford KI, et al. TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Nat Metab. 2019; 1(2):291–303.
39.
Terauchi A, Yee P, Johnson-Venkatesh EM, et al. The projection-specific signals that establish functionally segregated dopaminergic synapses. Cell. 2023; 186(18):3845–3861.e3824.
40.
Viana SD, Pita IR, Lemos C, et al. The effects of physical exercise on nonmotor symptoms and on neuroimmune RAGE network in experimental parkinsonism. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017; 123(1):161–171.
41.
Paterno A, Polsinelli G, Federico B. Changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels after different exercise protocols: a systematic review of clinical studies in Parkinson’s disease. Front Physiol. 2024; 15:1352305.
42.
Palasz E, Wysocka A, Gasiorowska A, Chalimoniuk M, Niewiadomski W, Niewiadomska G. BDNF as a Promising Therapeutic Agent in Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(3).
43.
Warburton DER, Bredin SSD. Health benefits of physical activity: a systematic review of current systematic reviews. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017; 32(5):541–556.
44.
Myers J, McAuley P, Lavie CJ, Despres JP, Arena R, Kokkinos P. Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness as major markers of cardiovascular risk: their independent and interwoven importance to health status. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57(4):306–314.
45.
Billman GE, Cagnoli KL, Csepe T, et al. Exercise training-induced bradycardia: evidence for enhanced parasympathetic regulation without changes in intrinsic sinoatrial node function. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015; 118(11):1344–1355.
46.
Fiuza-Luces C, Santos-Lozano A, Joyner M, et al. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018; 15(12):731–743.
47.
Erkens R, Suvorava T, Kramer CM, Diederich LD, Kelm M, Cortese-Krott MM. Modulation of Local and Systemic Heterocellular Communication by Mechanical Forces: A Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2017; 26(16):917–935.
48.
Kraemer RR, Kraemer BR. The effects of peripheral hormone responses to exercise on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023; 14:1202349.
49.
Kondo M. Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Antidepressant Effects. Jma j. 2023; 6(2):114–119.
50.
Zhan Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Gao S, Tang J. Cross-sectional analyses between the dietary index for gut microbiota and Parkinson’s disease in the middle-aged and elderly population. Nutr J. 2025; 24(1):138.
Copyright: Institute of Sport. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). This license enables reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license allows for commercial use.
