Introduction
Anxiety is a common negative emotion that many people experience when undergoing a surgical procedure, impacting the course of their recovery adversely. The first existing definition of preoperative anxiety is attributed to Ramsay [1] who described it as “an unpleasant state of discomfort or tension in the patient, secondary to their concern about illness, hospitalization, anesthesia, or surgery”. Various studies have shown that up to 62% of patients scheduled for surgery, experience moderate preoperative anxiety concerns about the anesthetist’s experience, the possibility of waking up during surgery and postoperative nausea or pain anxiety [2]. Cataract surgery is one of the most common surgical procedures, with this condition ranking as the leading cause of blindness worldwide. More than 22 million cataract surgeries are performed annually worldwide [3]. As in other surgical interventions, ocular surgery can induce significant anxiety, often linked to fear of the procedure being painful or deterioration or loss of vision [4]. Considering the increasing number of surgeries and the associated anxiety, it is important to measure its levels and design mechanisms for its reduction. There are various scales for assessing anxiety, such as the state-trait anxiety inventory questionnaire, but not all of them are applicable to a surgical process. Therefore, it is necessary to use a brief and easy-to-use tool in a perioperative setting that allows for quick and approximate results regarding the patient’s anxiety state. The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS), created and validated by Moerman et al. [5], is considered a practical and useful tool. Several studies have used it to identify preoperative anxiety and the need for information in patients undergoing ocular surgery [6]. The management of anxiety before a surgical intervention is part of the standardized nursing care, particularly during preanesthetic assessment [7]. During that visit, specific standardized nursing interventions are established, such as anxiety reduction (5820) and pre-surgical teaching (5610), which promote an environment of trust and security by conveying information to the patient according to their needs [8]. Both interventions involve activities such as describing preoperative routines and informing about the process. The nursing interventions classification (NIC) is a comprehensive, standardized classification based on research on the various interventions performed by nurses. This classification was first published in 1992 by the American Nurses Association, allowing for the establishment of standardized nursing languages. The advanced practice nurse keeps nursing care documentation using standardized language according to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association/NANDA International, which establishes globally accepted nursing diagnoses and has contributed to the profession’s development. A specific care plan can be established defining expected outcomes and the NIC necessary to achieve them. Many studies conducted by nurses determine the effectiveness of NIC/nursing interventions in patients undergoing a specific surgical process, thus deepening nursing care to achieve quality advanced practice [9, 10]. One of the most applied nursing interventions in a surgical process would be Learning Facilitation (5520), which promotes the ability to process and understand information, incorporating multimedia presentations, pamphlets, videos and online resources. Those instruments are used for their positive effects on pre-surgical anxiety control and post-surgical pain [11]. Another multimedia resource gradually implemented in health sciences, is the use of virtual reality, considered a safe and effective resource capable of reducing pain and anxiety in patients undergoing surgery [12].
The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery and to assess the impact of a nursing intervention using an informational video. The relationship between preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain was also investigated.
Material and methods
Setting and sample
A total of 147 patients awaiting cataract surgery were randomly selected and classified into an intervention group or a control group. The study was conducted in the ophthalmology department of a public hospital, between October 2022 – April 2023. The inclusion criteria were: voluntarily accepting participation in the study, being over 18 years old, undergoing cataract surgery for the first time, having knowledge and understanding of Spanish, and binocular visual acuity greater than 10.0%. Patients under 18 years old, those who did not have proficiency in Spanish, individuals with cognitive impairment, mental health conditions hindering participation, or those who refused to sign the informed consent were excluded from the study. The sample size calculation is based on the data resulting from the APAIS scale in the sample studied in other similar studies, where a mean of 16.2 points with a standard deviation of 6.1 was obtained. It is established that a difference of 3 points is the minimum clinically relevant to consider the success of the new protocol. Therefore, for a comparison between two groups of a quantitative variable using a Student’s t-test for independent data, two-tailed test, an alpha error of 0.05, and a statistical power of 80.0%, 70 patients are needed per group (140 patients in total) to detect a statistically significant difference of at least 3 points on the APAIS scale, assuming a standard deviation of 6 and considering a maximum follow-up loss of 10%. The inclusion of more patients, reaching a total of 147, helped prevent possible participant losses throughout the study, which strengthened the validity and reliability of the results obtained. Despite this, there were no withdrawals of patients throughout the study.
Ethical considerations
The institutional Ethics Committee for Drug Research at the hospital XX approved this study, protocol number 202X/105X0. Participation in these evaluative processes was voluntary and confidential. All participants provided written informed consent regarding their involvement in the study. Information regarding participants’ data is guaranteed to be kept confidential, and each participant gets the same rights and treatment in the study. The research was conducted in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, Declaration of Helsinki (1964).
Instruments
The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale questionnaire [5] is a validated measuring instrument with a short completion time. It is effective in detecting preoperative anxiety and easily applicable to the older population, which is crucial to consider since the vast majority of the patients attended are of advanced age. The questionnaire has been used in similar studies [13] to assess the presence of preoperative anxiety and the need for information before surgical interventions. It was translated into Spanish and validated in other studies [14]. It is a self-completion instrument composed of 6 questions. Four of them gather information regarding the fear of surgery and anesthesia, while the remaining two identify the need for more information (Table 1). The response to each question follows a Likert scale with 5 options, from 1 “not at all” to 5 “extremely.” All these values result in a score ranging from 6 to 30 points. According to the original authors, the observed cutoff points were set at 13. Vergara-Romero et al. [14] achieved a cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Spanish version. The cutoff points established to determine clinically significant anxiety in a patient are ≥ 14. The visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS-A) measurement instrument is considered one of the scales most easily applicable due to its brevity and easy interpretation, especially in older individuals. It is based on a horizontal line of 100 mm in length, from 0 (no anxiety) to 10 (extreme anxiety). The patient selects the point on the line that corresponds to their level of anxiety. The results are interpreted as mild anxiety of 0–3 points, moderate 4–6, and severe 7–10 [15]. The intervention variable has been the informational video. During its 3-minute duration, the sequence of the journey that patients typically undergo from admission to the Day Surgery Unit, for the surgical intervention until discharge to home, is shown. The video showcased images of all the steps to be followed during the patient’s hospital stay, surgical areas and the perioperative process. The video was created by the study’s principal investigator and recorded on a regular day of clinical practice, with prior consent obtained from the center while maintaining the confidentiality and privacy of the patients depicted. Verbal permission was requested regarding the possibility of appearing in the video or refusal thereof. Additionally, the images were pixelated to prevent patient recognition.
Data collection
For the execution of the study, initial approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The safety, well-being, and rights of the participating patients were the most important considerations taken into account and consistently prevailed over the interests of science. Each subject was informed that they could refuse to participate or withdraw from the study at any time. The research was conducted in accordance with the code of good clinical practices. All data related to patients were anonymized throughout, preventing their linkage to individuals, as indicated by the local Organic Law 3/2018, of December 5, on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights (2018) [16].
To structure the interventions to be carried out and achieve a more appropriate level of replication, a checklist was designed with a description of the interventions, taking into account the guideline list designed by Hoffmann et al. [17]. Following standard clinical practice, patients diagnosed with cataracts and included on a surgical waiting list were visited by the ophthalmology nurse during the pre-anesthetic assessment. After the nurse’s visit, the researcher individually explained the existence of the study to each patient. Once voluntary participation was accepted, sufficient time was provided to carefully read the informed consent, and any doubts were addressed. All criteria were assessed to ensure that each inclusion criterion was met and none of the exclusion criteria applied. Patient inclusion was carried out successively, and for classification into each study group, a pre-designed randomization list was followed. This list was generated using random number tables obtained through computer programs, allowing for representative recruitment. Patients in the intervention group received standard usual care based on oral information, in addition to watching an informational video. Access to the video content was shown/provided by the principal investigator trained in the study protocol, who presented the video during the inclusion visit. The recruitment process, as well as data collection and intervention, took place in a room adjacent to the nursing consultation room, where participants had been previously attended. Privacy was preserved throughout, ensuring a quiet space for the participants. The variables collected during the inclusion visit included sociodemographic data, previous surgeries, blood pressure, heart rate, and post-surgical pain. Additionally, the APAIS questionnaire along with the VAS-A scale were administered. The Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale test was initially measured on the day of inclusion and for a second time on the day of surgery before the administration of preanesthetic medication. For the VAS-A scale, values were obtained at different times to assess fluctuations, initially during the study inclusion and on the day of surgery, both before and after the procedure. Finally, values were collected during the follow-up call, which took place 7 days after the intervention (Fig. 1).
Data analysis
A descriptive analysis of the sample was performed. Quantitative variables were described using mean, standard deviation, median, and percentiles 25 and 75. Categorical variables were summarized with frequencies and percentages. Subsequently, bivariate analysis was conducted: possible differences in quantitative variables regarding the group variable were tested using the Student’s t-test for independent data or the Mann-Whitney U test depending on the conditions of application. The relationship between the dimensions and the total assessment of the APAIS questionnaire and quantitative variables was assessed using the Pearson and/or Spearman correlation coefficient. Finally, categorical variables were compared using the c2 test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. In all tests, p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The analysis was carried out with the statistical program R 4.3 (R Core Team (2018).
Results
A total of 147 subjects were included randomly, with 73 in the control group and 74 in the intervention group. The average age of the sample was 74 years, range: 27–94 years. 59.2% were women, and 40.8% were men. 77.6% had basic education, and 85.7% had previously undergone another surgical intervention. 39.5% of the subjects had a prior diagnosis of anxiety or another psychological condition, and 56 subjects (38.1%) routinely took psychotropic medications. The most common patient profile would be a woman with basic education, without a prior diagnosis of anxiety or another psychological condition, and prior experience in the operating room. Analyzing the sociodemographic characteristics between both study groups reveals significant similarity without finding important differences (Table 2). In the intervention group, it was observed that 32.4% of participants had intermediate and/or university education compared to 12.3% in the control group. The percentage of women was slightly higher in the intervention group, with a difference of 6.0%. Additionally, in this same group, almost 5.0% more of the population had a prior diagnosis of anxiety. The history of previous surgeries in both cases was very similar. No significant differences have been found in other variables analyzed throughout the study, such as vital parameters, blood pressure and heart rate. The results of the APAIS questionnaire, as well as the VAS-A scale, were consistent and fluctuated depending on the moment of measurement, regardless of the study intervention performed. In both groups, an increase in anxiety levels was detected according to the APAIS questionnaire, with an average score of 12.80 points at the time of inclusion in the study and 13.70 points on average before surgery. There was an observed increase in anxiety as the day of the intervention approached (Table 3). This increase in anxiety has been particularly noted in subjects over 76 years old. Almost 30.0% of the intervention group showed a decrease in anxiety levels after the educational video, 100% of the subjects who participated in this group recommended the video, and 93.2% found it useful. Among the responses highlighted by participants in the APAIS questionnaire, the highest score was for the need to obtain more information about the operation (average score of 2.80 points at the inclusion visit and on the day of surgery). No differences were found between both study groups. This need has been particularly detected in patients under 64 years old. The lowest score was in the second item I think about the anesthesia all the time, in which the vast majority of subjects in both groups gave a score of 1.40 points at the inclusion visit and 1.5 on the day of surgery. Complications after surgery were minimal in both groups, with constant tearing, itching, stinging, and pain being the most frequent. 8.7% of the subjects in the intervention group experienced postoperative pain of mild intensity, compared to 14.9% in the control group, with 3.0% experiencing moderate to severe intensity in the latter. Despite not establishing a correlation between the variable of preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain, a slight trend of pain reduction has been observed in patients with lower anxiety levels in the comparison of their percentages (Fig. 2). The resolution of complications was assessed one week afterwards through a follow-up phone call. Contact was made with each participant to evaluate whether the identified symptoms were resolved. It was observed that mild pain had persisted in the control group (14.9%), although moderate to severe pain had decreased to 1.5%. However, mild pain increased in the intervention group, reaching 15.2%, which is 6.5% more than after the surgical intervention. Other reported symptoms included the persistence of a sensation of a foreign body and blurred vision. The satisfaction of the received assistance was also assessed using a numerical scale ranging from 0 as “not satisfied at all” to 10 as “maximum satisfaction.” The average result obtained was 9.44 points. During the same follow-up phone call, anxiety was reevaluated one week after surgery using the VAS-A scale, the average score for the entire sample was 1 point. The cause of this score was the persistence of post-surgical complications.
Discussion
Many patients awaiting elective surgery experience preoperative anxiety, which tends to increase as the scheduled date approaches. The results of this study indicate that the majority of the population experiences anxiety on the day of surgery, with 9% classified as severe and 55% as moderate according to the VAS-A scale. A slight upward trend in the final APAIS questionnaire score has also been observed, primarily in individuals over the age of 76.
Furthermore, from this age onwards, a higher percentage of diagnoses of anxiety or other psychological conditions have been identified, reaching 23.0% of the total sample, compared to 12.0% among those aged 65–75 and 4.0% in subjects under 64. In individuals over 76 years old, a slightly higher rate of postsurgical pain has been detected compared to other age groups. It would be interesting to analyze whether there is a significant relationship between these variables: a preoperative anxiety diagnosis and increased postoperative pain. Socea et al. [18] asserted that preoperative anxiety was the only significant predictor of pain, concluding that 20.0% experience anxiety and severe pain after cataract surgery. According to the APAIS scale, 52.5% of the sample had preoperative anxiety, mostly related to a lack of information about the surgery.
This finding aligns with the study by Kuzminskaitė et al. [19], after using the APAIS questionnaire with a total of 149 patients, they revealed significantly higher anxiety (p < 0.01) and a need of information (p < 0.01) about surgery compared to anaesthesia.
Other studies that have also used the APAIS questionnaire have recorded higher anxiety levels in patients with a greater need for information [20]. Anxiety levels may vary depending on the timing of the APAIS instrument’s use. Higher anxiety levels are recorded as the surgery date approaches, especially just before the surgical intervention [21]. Similar trends can be observed in the present study, where the anxiety level increased by an average of 0.90 points in the total sample, going from 12.80 points on the day of inclusion to 13.70 points just before surgery. Addressing these anxiety levels to prevent an increase before surgery has become one of the main objectives carried out during the pre-anesthetic assessment visit. Nursing interventions have been designed to enhance care for surgical patients and reduce associated anxiety, as shown by Hernández et al. [22]. They identified various types of pre-surgical visits conducted by nurses, in which various multimedia resources such as videos, pamphlets, or images were used. Wisely et al. [23] observed that an informational video about cataract surgery improves patients’ perception and anxiety about the procedure. With this type of intervention, considered cost-effective and effective/efficient/beneficial, it is demonstrated that anxiety levels before surgery can be reduced, and overall patient perception can be improved [24]. The results found in our study contrast with those by Zhang et al. [25], who demonstrated in a study with 91 patients that the implementation of an informational video for patients undergoing cataract surgery improves understanding of the procedure and reduces anxiety levels. All subjects in our study who watched the video recommended its use, and in addition, 93.2% reported finding it useful. The time interval between the study intervention, in this case, the video presentation, and the surgical procedure may influence the final impact of the intervention, as demonstrated in other studies [26]. After creating two groups, they analyzed the impact of guided imagery therapy in the immediate preoperative period, finding significant differences between the control group and the intervention group regarding the reduction of anxiety. Similar results were observed in a tertiary hospital in India [27], which evaluated the effectiveness of an informational video in reducing anxiety in patients undergoing elective infraumbilical surgery. Patients in the intervention group watched the video the day before surgery and experienced lower anxiety levels and higher satisfaction. Rajput et al. [28] observed, after using an informational video with patients undergoing spinal anesthesia and providing an electronic link for access, that anxiety levels immediately before the surgical intervention were lower. Some studies have demonstrated that the use of an informational video is helpful in managing anxiety generated by a surgical process. Others have evidenced the effectiveness of a nursing intervention based on the use of a useful micro video for physical and psychological recovery after enterostomy [29]. They showed that the improvement in psychological status and quality of life in the intervention group was significantly better than in the control group (p < 0.05).
The literature evidences the relationship between pre-surgical anxiety and the development of complications such as pain, nausea, and vomiting [30]. This is consistent with our study, where 23.6% of the total sample experienced pain after surgery, with higher rates observed in patients who had a higher level of preoperative anxiety.
Conclusions
The prevalence of preoperative anxiety increases as the surgery approaches and exacerbates pain and complications after the surgery, which aligns with our findings. The use of an informational video as an explanatory tool for patients undergoing cataract surgery helps to reduce anxiety levels associated with the surgical process. Based on our experience, a video showing real images of the care pathway the patient will undergo should be integrated into daily clinical practice as part of nursing interventions to facilitate learning and manage anxiety. This video should be viewed during the preoperative assessment of the patient as close to the day of surgery as possible, serving as an educational support tool as well as a tool to address/reduce postoperative complications (pain, vomiting, delayed recovery). The implementation of digital tools to improve the patient experience represents innovation in traditional care, enhancing the effectiveness of nursing interventions in healthcare nursing care plans and overcoming the limitations of usual education. Future research on the nursing process in surgical patients could be conducted to explore the impact of the video being used on the same day of the intervention, a few hours prior to surgery. This could potentially reduce the intermediate time that could lead to forgetting the information presented in the video.
Disclosures
1. Institutional review board statement: Not applicable.
2. Assistance with the article: None.
3. Financial support and sponsorship: None.
4. Conflicts of interest: None.
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